Áèáëèîòåêà

Òåîëîãèÿ

Êîíôåññèè

Èíîñòðàííûå ÿçûêè

Äðóãèå ïðîåêòû







Âàø êîììåíòàðèé î êíèãå
Âñå êíèãè àâòîðà: Ãóñåéíîâ À. (3)

Ãóñåéíîâ À.À. Èñòîðèÿ ýòè÷åñêèõ ó÷åíèé

OCR: Èõòèê (ã. Óôà)
ihtik.lib.ru,[email protected]



Ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ïåðâóþ â íàøåé ñòðàíå ñèñòåìàòèçàöèþ ýòèêè âî âñåì ðàçíîîáðàçèè åå âàæíåéøèõ ôèëîñîôñêî-êóëüòóðíûõ òðàäèöèé è èñòîðè÷åñêèõ ýïîõ. Ïðåäìåòîì ðàññìîòðåíèÿ â íåé ÿâëÿåòñÿ ôèëîñîôñêàÿ ýòèêà. Ýòè÷åñêèå ó÷åíèÿ ðàñïðåäåëåíû àâòîðàìè ïî îñíîâíûì ôèëîñîôñêèì ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûì êóëüòóðíûì ðåãèîíàì (Êèòàé, Èíäèÿ, àðàáî-ìóñóëüìàíñêèé ìèð, Åâðîïà, Ðîññèÿ), à âíóòðè ðåãèîíîâ - ïî øêîëàì è ýòàïàì ðàçâèòèÿ, ÷òî ñîñòàâëÿåò ñòðóêòóðó êíèãè.
Äëÿ ñòóäåíòîâ âûñøèõ ó÷åáíûõ çàâåäåíèé, îáó÷àþùèõñÿ ïî íàïðàâëåíèþ è ñïåöèàëüíîñòè "Ôèëîñîôèÿ".


(íîìåð ñòðàíèöû ïðåäøåñòâóåò ñòðàíèöå) - ïðèì. ñêàíèðîâùèêà

 


ÑÎÄÅÐÆÀÍÈÅ

Ïðåäèñëîâèå.....................................5

Ðàçäåë ïåðâûé. Êèòàé................................7
Ãëàâà I. Êèòàéñêàÿ ôèëîñîôèÿ êàê ñóïåðýòèêà................7


Ãëàâà II. ×åòûðå ãëàâíûå ýòè÷åñêèå ïðîãðàììû.............. 12
§ 1. Êîíôóöèàíñòâî (æó öçÿ): ýòèêà ðèòóàëüíîé áëàãîïðèñòîéíîñòè è ÷åëîâåêîëþáèâîãî ñàìîñîâåðøåíñòâîâàíèÿ...... 12
§ 2. Äàîñèçì (äàî öçÿ): èíäèâèäóàëèñòè÷åñêèé íàòóðàëèçì - ýòèêà ïðèðîäîñîîáðàçíîãî íåäåÿíèÿ ............... 17
§ 3. Ìîèçì (ìî öçÿ): ðåëèãèîçíî-ïîïóëèñòñêèé óòèëèòàðèçì - ýòèêà îáúåäèíÿþùåé ëþáâè è âçàèìíîé ïîëüçû ........22
§ 4. Ëåãèçì (ôà öçÿ): çàêîííè÷åñêèé ýòàòèçì - ýòèêà òîòàëüíîé âëàñòè................................26


Ãëàâà III. Êàòåãîðèàëüíûå îñíîâû êèòàéñêîé ýòèêè ...........32
§ 1. Êàòåãîðèÿ "áëàãîïðèñòîéíîñòü" (ëè3) êàê åäèíñòâî ýòèêè è ðèòóàëà................................32
§ 2. Êàòåãîðèÿ "áëàãîäàòü" (äý): ìàãè÷åñêàÿ ñèëà è ìîðàëüíûé èìïåðàòèâ ................................38

§ 3. Êàòåãîðèè "ïóòü" (äàî), "îðóäèéíûå ïðåäìåòû" (ëè2) è "âåëèêèé ïðåäåë" (òàé öçè): ñèíåðãèÿ íåáà è ÷åëîâåêà â áëàãîì àáñîëþòå.............................52
§ 4. Êàòåãîðèÿ "ãóìàííîñòü" (æýíü1): ëþáîâü ê ëþäÿì è ãàðìîíèÿ ìèðà.................................67
§ 5. Êàòåãîðèÿ "äîëæíàÿ ñïðàâåäëèâîñòü" (è): áåñêîðûñòíàÿ îòâåòñòâåííîñòü è ñîîòâåòñòâèå ñìûñëó..............70


Ãëàâà IV. Êîíôóöèàíñêàÿ àíòðîïîëîãèÿ...................75
§ 1. Êîíöåïöèÿ ïðèðîäû ÷åëîâåêà îò Êîíôóöèÿ äî Õàíü Þÿ ... 75
§ 2. Êîíöåïöèè ïðèðîäû è ÷óâñòâåííîñòè îò Ñþíü-öçû äî ׿ó Ñè...................................87

§ 3. Êîíöåïöèÿ ïðèðîäû è ÷óâñòâåííîñòè, âûðàáîòàííàÿ Âàí ßíìèíîì.................................93
§ 4. Ýâîëþöèîííàÿ ïðååìñòâåííîñòü ïðåäñòàâëåíèé î ÷åëîâå÷åñêîé ïðèðîäå â êîíôóöèàíñòâå è êàòåãîðèÿ "ïðåäîïðåäåëåíèå" (ìèí)..............................99

Ëèòåðàòóðà ..................................106


Ðàçäåë âòîðîé. Äðåâíÿÿ è ñðåäíåâåêîâàÿ Èíäèÿ.............109
Ãëàâà I. Ïðåäâàðèòåëüíûå ïîíÿòèÿ......................109
§ 1. "Öåííîñòè", áëàãà è öåëè...................... 110
§ 2. Ãðàíèöû ýòè÷åñêîãî......................... 122
§ 3. Îöåíêè "èçâíå" è "èçíóòðè".................... 125


Ãëàâà II. Ýòè÷åñêàÿ äèäàêòèêà ........................ 130
§ 1. Àðåòîëîãèÿ èíäèéñêèõ ðåëèãèé.................. 130
§ 2. Ìîðàëüíûå íîðìû ñîâåðøåíñòâà................. 139
§ 3. Ìîðàëèñòè÷åñêàÿ àôîðèñòèêà è "íàãëÿäíàÿ ïðîïîâåäü" . . . 154
§ 4. Ýòèêà è èíäèéñêèå ïóòè ê "îñâîáîæäåíèþ"........... 166


Ãëàâà III. Ýòè÷åñêîå òåîðåòèçèðîâàíèå .................. 174
§ 1. Äèñêóññèîííîå ïðîñòðàíñòâî ýïîõè ïåðâûõ ôèëîñîôîâ . . . 174
§ 2. Ôèëîñîôèÿ íðàâñòâåííîñòè è áåçíðàâñòâåííîñòè øðàìàíñêîãî ïåðèîäà......... 179

§ 3. Ôèëîñîôñêàÿ ýòèêà áóääèñòîâ è ìèìàíñàêîâ.......... 187
§ 4. Èíäèÿ è ñîâðåìåííàÿ ôèëîñîôñêàÿ ýòèêà............ 198


Ëèòåðàòóðà.................................. 203

Ðàçäåë òðåòèé. Êëàññè÷åñêàÿ àðàáî-ìóñóëüìàíñêàÿ ìûñëü......204
Ãëàâà I. Ýòèêà â àðàáî-ìóñóëüìàíñêîé êóëüòóðå.............. 204
§ 1. Ïîíÿòèÿ "ìóñóëüìàíñêàÿ ýòèêà" è "ýòèêà â ìóñóëüìàíñêèõ îáùåñòâàõ".......... 204
§ 2. Ñîîòíîøåíèå ýòèêè è ïðàâà â àðàáî-ìóñóëüìàíñêîé êóëüòóðå .................................... 211
§ 3. Ñèñòåìîîáðàçóþùèå ïðèíöèïû ìóñóëüìàíñêîé ýòèêè .... 215


Ãëàâà II. Íàìåðåíèå-è-äåéñòâèå êàê ïðåäìåò ìóñóëüìàíñêîé ýòèêè . 216
§ 1. Ïðåäìåò ìóñóëüìàíñêîé ýòèêè. Íàìåðåíèå è äåéñòâèå . . . . 216
§ 2. Ïðàâèëüíîñòü íàìåðåíèÿ-è-äåéñòâèÿ............... 222
§ 3. Îñíîâíûå êëàññèôèêàöèè íàìåðåíèé-è-äåéñòâèé â ìóñóëüìàíñêîé ýòèêå............................. 223


Ãëàâà III. Áëàãî è çëî. Óòèëèòàðèñòñêàÿ êëàññèôèêàöèÿ íàìåðåíèé-è-äåéñòâèé ............................. 224
§ 1. Ïîíèìàíèå áëàãà è çëà â ìóñóëüìàíñêîé ýòèêå......... 224
§ 2. Óòèëèòàðèñòñêàÿ êëàññèôèêàöèÿ íàìåðåíèé-è-äåéñòâèé . . 236


Ãëàâà IV Ïðèãîäíîñòü. Àïðîïðèàòîðíàÿ êëàññèôèêàöèÿ íàìåðåíèé-è-äåéñòâèé ............................. 239
§ 1. Àïðîïðèàòîðíàÿ êëàññèôèêàöèÿ íàìåðåíèé-è-äåéñòâèé...........239
§ 2. Îáîñíîâàíèå èíòåðåñîâ è èõ ñîîòíîøåíèå........... 242


Ãëàâà V. Ñîñòîÿíèå è ïðåäðàñïîëîæåííîñòü. Àôôåêòèâíàÿ êëàññèôèêàöèÿ íàìåðåíèé-è-äåéñòâèé.................. 252
§ 1. Àôôåêòèâíàÿ êëàññèôèêàöèÿ íàìåðåíèé-è-äåéñòâèé..... 252
§ 2. Ìóñóëüìàíñêèé ýòîñ.......................... 261


Ãëàâà VI. Îáùèå ÷åðòû ìóñóëüìàíñêîé ýòèêè............... 274
§ 1. Îòëè÷èòåëüíûå ÷åðòû ìóñóëüìàíñêîé ýòèêè â êîíòåêñòå îáùèõ îñîáåííîñòåé èñëàìà........... 274
§ 2. Ìàêðîïðîáëåìû ìóñóëüìàíñêîé ýòèêè...............278
§ 3. Îñíîâíûå æàíðû, â êîòîðûõ îáñóæäàëàñü ýòè÷åñêàÿ ïðîáëåìàòèêà ..........................283


Ãëàâà VII. Ôèëîñîôñêàÿ ðàçðàáîòêà ìóñóëüìàíñêîé ýòèêè â êàëàìå, èñìàèëèçìå è ñóôèçìå ...........285
§ 1. Êàëàì è ðàííÿÿ ìóñóëüìàíñêàÿ ìûñëü: ðèãîðèçàöèÿ ýòèêè.....285
§ 2. Èñìàèëèçì: èìïåðàòèâíàÿ ýòèêà ñîâåðøåíñòâîâàíèÿ........290
§ 3. Ñóôèçì: ýòèêà "ðàñòåðÿííîñòè" .....................293


Ãëàâà VIII. Ýòèêà â ìóñóëüìàíñêèõ îáùåñòâàõ................299
§ 1. Ëè÷íîå ñîâåðøåíñòâî: èñïðàâëåíèå íðàâîâ è îáðåòåíèå äîáðîäåòåëåé ...............300
§ 2. Ïîëèòè÷åñêàÿ óòîïèÿ: "äîáðîäåòåëüíûé ãîðîä" àëü-Ôàðàáè .... 303
§ 3. Èíòóèòèâèçì: Èáí Ñèíà è Àñ-Ñóõðàâàðäè ...............305


Ëèòåðàòóðà.....................................308

Ðàçäåë ÷åòâåðòûé. Åâðîïà: Àíòè÷íîñòü...................310
Ãëàâà I. Ìîðàëüíûé êàíîí àíòè÷íîñòè: Ãîìåð, Ãåñèîä, Ñåìü ìóäðåöîâ......................310
§ 1. Ãîìåð ...................................310
§ 2. Ãåñèîä...................................316
§ 3. Ñåìü ìóäðåöîâ..............................320


Ãëàâà II. Ýòèêà â ðàííåé ãðå÷åñêîé ôèëîñîôèè..............325
§ 1. Àíàêñèìàíäð...............................325
§ 2. Ãåðàêëèò .................................328
§ 2. Ïèôàãîð è ïèôàãîðåéöû.......................332
§ 3. Ïàðìåíèä.................................335
§ 4. Äåìîêðèò.................................338


Ãëàâà III. Ñîôèñòû, Ñîêðàò, ñîêðàòèêè....................344
§ 1. Ñîôèñòû .................................344
§ 2. Ñîêðàò...................................351
§ 3. Ñîêðàòèêè ................................359


Ãëàâà IV. Ïëàòîí è Àðèñòîòåëü.........................364
§ 1. Ïëàòîí...................................364
§ 2. Àðèñòîòåëü................................377

Ãëàâà V. Ýòè÷åñêèå ó÷åíèÿ ýïîõè ýëëèíèçìà................401
§ 1. Ýïèêóð...................................401
§ 2. Ñòîèöèçì.................................410
§ 3. Ñêåïòèöèçì................................430


Ãëàâà VI. Êîíåö àíòè÷íîé ýòèêè: Ïëàòèí...................435
Ëèòåðàòóðà .................................. 444


Ðàçäåë ïÿòûé. Åâðîïà: Ñðåäíåâåêîâüå................... 446
Ââåäåíèå...................................... 446
Ãëàâà I. Îñíîâîïîëîæåíèÿ ñðåäíåâåêîâîé ìîðàëè ........... 460
§ 1. Ýòè÷åñêèé ñìûñë "Ïîñëàíèé" àï. Ïàâëà (I â. í.ý.)....... 460
§ 2. Áîæåñòâåííîå ïàðè: êîíòðîâåðñèÿ ìîðàëèçìà è ëåãèçìà . . 466

§ 3. Ðàííåõðèñòèàíñêàÿ ëèòåðàòóðà.................. 474

Ãëàâà II. Íåäîãìàòè÷åñêèå ôîðìû ìîðàëüíîãî ñîçíàíèÿ Ñðåäíåâåêîâüÿ ........... 477
§ 1. Ñèíêðåòè÷åñêèå äîêòðèíû ïåðâûõ âåêîâ íîâîé ýðû..... 477
§ 2. Íåäîêòðèíàëüíûå ôîðìû áûòèéñòâîâàíèÿ ìîðàëè...... 486
§ 3. Àñêåòè÷åñêàÿ òðàäèöèÿ Âîñòî÷íîé öåðêâè........... 492


Ãëàâà III. Ôîðìèðîâàíèå ìîðàëèñòè÷åñêîé òðàäèöèè Çàïàäíîé öåðêâè.................................. 509
§ 1. Àìâðîñèé Ìåäèîëàíñêèé...................... 509
§ 2. Àâðåëèé Àâãóñòèí........................... 510
§ 3. Ïðîèñõîæäåíèå çëà. Òåîäèöåÿ................... 514
§ 4. Äîáðîäåòåëè ðàçóìà è äîáðîäåòåëè âåðû............ 523
§ 5. Ãðèãîðèé Âåëèêèé .......................... 526


Ãëàâà IV. Ñõîëàñòè÷åñêàÿ òðàäèöèÿ â èñòîðèè ñðåäíåâåêîâîé ýòèêè................................... 527
§ 1. Àíñåëüì Êåíòåðáåðèéñêèé. Äèàëîã "Î ñâîáîäíîì âûáîðå" ................................... 527
§ 2. Áåðíàð Êëåðâîñêèé. "Î áëàãîäàòè è ñâîáîäíîé âîëå" .... 530
§ 3. Ïåòð Àáåëÿð. "Ïîçíàé ñàìîãî ñåáÿ" ............... 532


Ãëàâà V. Ýòèêà Ôîìû Àêâèíñêîãî ...................... 535
§ 1. Âîëÿ è èíòåëëåêò........................... 535
§ 2. Òèïîëîãèÿ äîáðîäåòåëåé...................... 539


Ãëàâà VI. Ýòè÷åñêèå èäåè Èîàííà Äóíñà Ñêîòà è Óèëüÿìà Îêêàìà . . 543
Ëèòåðàòóðà.................................. 549

 

Ðàçäåë øåñòîé. Åâðîïà: Íîâîå âðåìÿ.................... 552
Ââåäåíèå...................................... 552

Ãëàâà I. Ãóìàíèçì è Ðåôîðìàöèÿ....................... 556
§ 1. Ëîðåíöî Âàëëà............................. 556
§ 2. Äæîðäàíî Áðóíî............................ 560
§ 3. Ìàêèàâåëëè............................... 565
§ 4. Ëþòåð.................................. 570


Ãëàâà II. XVII â................................... 578
§ 1. Äåêàðò.................................. 578
§ 2. Ñïèíîçà................................. 583
§ 3. Ãðîöèé.................................. 590
§ 4. Ãîááñ................................... 595
§ 5. Ëîêê....................................603


Ãëàâà III. XVIII â..................................611
§ 1. Ýòè÷åñêèé ñåíòèìåíòàëèçì......................611
§ 2. Ìàíäåâèëü................................628
§ 3. Äèäðî...................................631
§ 4. Ãåëüâåöèé.................................638
§ 5. Ðóññî....................................645


Ãëàâà IV. Íåìåöêàÿ êëàññè÷åñêàÿ ôèëîñîôèÿ XVIII-XIX ââ........651
§ 1. Êàíò....................................651
§ 2. Ãåãåëü...................................659
§ 3. Ôåéåðáàõ.................................667


Ëèòåðàòóðà ..................................672


Ðàçäåë ñåäüìîé. Åâðîïà: XIX-XX ââ......................663
Ãëàâà I. Àíòèíîðìàòèâíûé ïîâîðîò â ýòèêå.................673
§ 1. Øîïåíãàóýð ...............................673
§ 2. Ìàðêñ è ìàðêñèñòñêèå òðàäèöèè ..................680
§ 3. Íèöøå...................................687


Ãëàâà II. Îñíîâíûå ýòè÷åñêèå ó÷åíèÿ.....................696
§ 1. Óòèëèòàðèçì.................................696
§ 2. Ýâîëþöèîííàÿ ýòèêà..........................703

§ 3. Ïðàãìàòèçì................................710
§ 4. Ôðåéäèçì.................................716

§ 5. Ôåíîìåíîëîãèÿ.............................723
§ 6. Ýêçèñòåíöèàëèçì............................733
§ 7. Àíàëèòè÷åñêàÿ ýòèêà è ìåòàýòèêà..................742


Ãëàâà III. Ñîâðåìåííûå äèñêóññèè è òåíäåíöèè..............753
§ 1. Íîâûå ñïîðû âîêðóã ñòàðûõ íîðìàòèâíûõ ïðîãðàìì.....753
§ 2. Ïðèêëàäíàÿ ýòèêà............................761
§ 3. Ïîñòìîäåðíèçì.............................765
Ëèòåðàòóðà ..................................770


Ðàçäåë âîñüìîé. Ðîññèÿ..............................771
Ââåäåíèå ...................................... 771
Ãëàâà I. Íðàâîó÷åíèå ñðåäíåâåêîâîé Ðóñè (XI-XVII ââ.).........775
§ 1. Íðàâîó÷åíèå êàê âèä õðèñòèàíñêîãî ó÷èòåëüñòâà........775
§ 2. Ýòè÷åñêèé "íîìèíàëèçì" íðàâîó÷èòåëüíîé ëèòåðàòóðû..........776
§ 3. Ýòîñ ðåëèãèîçíîãî ïîäâèæíè÷åñòâà: àñêåòèçì, ñâÿòîñòü, þðîäñòâî.................................778
§ 4. Õðèñòèàíñêèé ýòè÷åñêèé èäåàë, ìèðñêîå áëàãî÷åñòèå è æèòåéñêàÿ íðàâñòâåííîñòü.....................783


Ãëàâà II. Íðàâîó÷èòåëüíàÿ ôèëîñîôèÿ Ïðîñâåùåíèÿ (ñåð. XVIII - ïåðâàÿ òðåòü XIX â.).........................786
§ 1. Ñåêóëÿðèçàöèÿ ýòè÷åñêîé ìûñëè ................. 786
§ 2. Ýòè÷åñêîå îáðàçîâàíèå. Ìåñòî ýòèêè â ñèñòåìå íðàâîó÷èòåëüíîé ôèëîñîôèè............,............ 787
§ 3. Íðàâñòâåííîå ó÷åíèå ìàñîíñòâà.................. 789
§ 4. Ýñòåòè÷åñêèé ìîðàëèçì ðóññêèõ ðîìàíòèêîâ.......... 792


Ãëàâà III. Íðàâñòâåííàÿ ôèëîñîôèÿ: ñòàíîâëåíèå ýòèêè êàê ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîé íàóêè (âòîðàÿ ïîëîâèíà XIX â.) . .......... 794
§ 1. Óòèëèòàðíàÿ ïåðåîöåíêà ìîðàëè: íèãèëèñòè÷åñêèé è óòîïè÷åñêèé ìîðàëèçì 60-õ ãîäîâ................... 794
§ 2. Ìîðàëüíûé ìåòîä â ñîöèîëîãèè: ñîöèàëüíûé ìîðàëèçì íàðîäíè÷åñòâà (Ï.Ë. Ëàâðîâ, Í.Ê. Ìèõàéëîâñêèé)...... 795
§ 3. Ýòè÷åñêîå "îïðàâäàíèå" õðèñòèàíñòâà: ýòèêà "àáñîëþòíîãî äîáðà" Ô.Ì. Äîñòîåâñêîãî; ýòèêà "íåïðîòèâëåíèÿ çëîìó" Ë.Í. Òîëñòîãî......................... 798
§ 4. Ïðàâîñëàâíî-õðèñòèàíñêîå ó÷åíèå î íðàâñòâåííîñòè: áîãîñëîâñêèé ìîðàëèçì......................... 801
§ 5. "Íàó÷íîå" îáîñíîâàíèå ýòè÷åñêîãî èäåàëèçìà: ýòèêî-ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèé ñèíòåç Ê.Ä. Êàâåëèíà ..... 806

§ 6. Ýòèêî-ïðàâîâûå ó÷åíèÿ è èõ ðîëü â ñòàíîâëåíèè àâòîíîìíîé ýòèêè................................ 808
§ 7. Ìåòàôèçè÷åñêèé ïîâîðîò â ýòèêå (80-90-å ãîäû).......813
§ 8. Íðàâñòâåííàÿ ôèëîñîôèÿ êàê ñèñòåìà: ýòèêà "ñîáîðíîãî äîáðà" B.C. Ñîëîâüåâà........................ 822
§ 9. Ýòè÷åñêèå èòîãè êîíöà XIX â.................... 827


Ãëàâà IV. Ôèëîñîôñêàÿ ýòèêà: îò ýòè÷åñêîé àâòîíîìèè ê èíñòèòóöèîíàëüíîé ìîðàëè (XX â.)...... 829
§ 1. Ýòè÷åñêèé "ðåíåññàíñ" íà÷àëà âåêà (1900-1922) ....... 831
§ 2. Îñíîâíûå íàïðàâëåíèÿ ýòè÷åñêîé ìûñëè............ 839
§ 3. Ïîðåâîëþöèîííûé ýòè÷åñêèé èäåàëèçì â Ðîññèè (1918-1922)............................... 854

§ 4. Ýòè÷åñêèé "ðàñêîë": ìîðàëüíàÿ èäåîëîãèÿ â Ñîâåòñêîé Ðîññèè è ýòèêà ðóññêîãî çàðóáåæüÿ (ñåð. 20-õ - êîí. 50-õ ãîäîâ) .................................. 858
§ 5. Íåîðòîäîêñàëüíûå ýòè÷åñêèå ó÷åíèÿ â Ñîâåòñêîé Ðîññèè............863

§ 6. Ýòèêà ðóññêîãî çàðóáåæüÿ: îñíîâíûå ó÷åíèÿ.......... 867
§ 7. Ñîâåòñêàÿ ýòèêà. Îáùàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà (60-80-å ãîäû)........887
§ 8. Ðîññèéñêàÿ ýòèêà. Îñíîâíûå òåíäåíöèè ðàçâèòèÿ (90-å ãîäû) ............................... 892
Ëèòåðàòóðà.................................. 894


Ïðèëîæåíèå. Ýòèêà íåíàñèëèÿ........................ 896

 

Ïðåäèñëîâèå

Ïðåäëàãàåìàÿ êíèãà ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé èñòîðè÷åñêèé îáçîð ôèëîñîôñêèõ ýòè÷åñêèõ ó÷åíèé. Ê ôèëîñîôñêèì àâòîðû îòíîñÿò òå ó÷åíèÿ, êîòîðûå ñêëàäûâàëèñü â ðàìêàõ ôèëîñîôñêîãî âçãëÿäà íà ìèð â îòëè÷èå îò ðåëèãèîçíîãî èëè êîíêðåòíî-íàó÷íîãî (ñîöèîëîãè÷åñêîãî, ýòíîëîãè÷åñêîãî, ïåäàãîãè÷åñêîãî è äð.). Èõ èäåíòèôèöèðóþùèì ïðèçíàêîì â êà÷åñòâå ýòè÷åñêèõ ÿâëÿþòñÿ ìîðàëüíûå ïîíÿòèÿ äîáðà, çëà, äîëãà, ñïðàâåäëèâîñòè, ñîâåñòè è äð. Ôèëîñîôñêèìè èõ äåëàåò òî îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî, ÷òî îíè ðàññìàòðèâàþò ÷åëîâå÷åñêîå ïîâåäåíèå ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ ïðåäåëüíûõ öåííîñòíûõ îñíîâàíèé, êîòîðûå çàäàþò åìó ñîçíàòåëüíûé è èíäèâèäóàëüíî-îòâåòñòâåííûé õàðàêòåð (íåðåäêîå â èñòîðèè ôèëîñîôèè îòðèöàíèå òàêèõ ïðåäåëüíûõ îñíîâàíèé ñàìî ÿâëÿåòñÿ èõ ÷àñòíûì ñëó÷àåì). Îíè, êàê ïðàâèëî, çàêëþ÷àþò â ñåáå áîëåå èëè ìåíåå ðàçâåðíóòóþ ðàöèîíàëüíî-àðãóìåíòèðîâàííóþ íðàâñòâåííóþ ïðîãðàììó ÷åëîâå÷åñêîé æèçíåäåÿòåëüíîñòè. Âîïðîñ î òîì, êàê äîñòîéíî æèòü, ÿâëÿåòñÿ îäíèì èç âàæíåéøèõ, åñëè íå ñàìûì âàæíûì ñðåäè âå÷íûõ âîïðîñîâ ôèëîñîôèè.

Êíèãà îõâàòûâàåò ôèëîñîôñêèå ýòè÷åñêèå ó÷åíèÿ â èõ êà÷åñòâåííîé ïîëíîòå. Îíè ñòðóêòóðèðîâàíû ñîîòâåòñòâåííî îñíîâíûì îðèãèíàëüíûì ëèíèÿì ôèëîñîôñêîãî ðàçâèòèÿ. Íàçâàíèÿ ðàçäåëîâ îçíà÷àþò íå ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèå ðåãèîíû, à äóõîâíûå "êîíòèíåíòû": Êèòàé, Èíäèÿ, àðàáî-ìóñóëüìàíñêèé ìèð, Åâðîïà, Ðîññèÿ. Çäåñü òðåáóþòñÿ ïî êðàéíåé ìåðå äâå îãîâîðêè. Àðàáî-ìóñóëüìàíñêàÿ ôèëîñîôèÿ ïðîèçðîñëà èç àíòè÷íûõ èñòî÷íèêîâ è ïåðåïëåëàñü ñ åâðîïåéñêèì Ñðåäíåâåêîâüåì; ìåðà åå àâòîíîìíîñòè ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê åâðîïåéñêîé ôèëîñîôèè âûðàæåíà íå òàê ÷èñòî, êàê â ñëó÷àÿõ êèòàéñêîé è èíäèéñêîé ôèëîñîôèé. Âûäåëåíèå â îñîáûé ðàçäåë ðóññêîé ýòèêè, êîòîðàÿ, êàê è ðóññêàÿ ôèëîñîôèÿ â öåëîì, íåñîìíåííî, íàõîäèòñÿ âíóòðè åâðîïåéñêîé ôèëîñîôñêîé òðàäèöèè, îáúÿñíÿåòñÿ òåì, ÷òî êíèãà ïðåäíàçíà÷åíà äëÿ ðîññèéñêîãî ÷èòàòåëÿ.

5

Ïîñêîëüêó ðå÷ü èäåò î ðàçëè÷íûõ è ñîðàçìåðíûõ â ýòèõ ðàçëè÷èÿõ ôèëîñîôñêî-ýòè÷åñêèõ òðàäèöèÿõ, îñòðî ñòîèò ïðîáëåìà èõ àäåêâàòíîé ðåêîíñòðóêöèè. Èññëåäîâàòåëü íå ìîæåò ðàññìîòðåòü ìèðîâóþ ôèëîñîôèþ ñ íåêîé ðàâíîóäàëåííîé òî÷êè çðåíèÿ, èáî îí ñàì íàõîäèòñÿ âíóòðè êàêîé-òî îäíîé òðàäèöèè, ïîäîáíî òîìó, êàê àíòðîïîëîã, èññëåäóþùèé ðàñû, ñàì ïðèíàäëåæèò ê îäíîé èç íèõ. Ýòî òàèò â ñåáå îïàñíîñòü îäíîñòîðîííîñòåé è èñêàæåíèé. Î òàêîé îïàñíîñòè ìû çíàåì èç åâðîïîöåíòðèñòñêèõ âåðñèé ìèðîâîé ôèëîñîôèè. Íàðÿäó ñ íèìè ñóùåñòâóþò, ðàçóìååòñÿ, è ðàçíûå âàðèàíòû âîñòî÷íî-öåíòðèñòñêèõ èñòîðèé ôèëîñîôèè. Àâòîðû äàííîé êíèãè ïðèíàäëåæàò ê ðóññêî-åâðîïåéñêîé ôèëîñîôñêîé òðàäèöèè è ñìîòðÿò íà ðàçâèòèå ìèðîâîé ôèëîñîôèè ñêâîçü åå ïðèçó. Íî îíè ïðè ýòîì ÿñíî îñîçíàþò äàííûé ôàêò è ñîçíàòåëüíî ñòðåìÿòñÿ áëîêèðîâàòü èñêàæåíèÿ, êîòîðûå ìîãóò èç-çà íåãî âîçíèêàòü.  ÷àñòíîñòè, îíè íå ðàññìàòðèâàþò åâðîïåéñêóþ ôèëîñîôèþ êàê åäèíñòâåííî èñòèííóþ èëè äàæå êàê âåðøèíó, ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê êîòîðîé äðóãèå òðàäèöèè ìîãëè áû âûãëÿäåòü êàê áîëåå ðàííèå, íåçðåëûå. Êðîìå òîãî, îíè ðóêîâîäñòâóþòñÿ óáåæäåíèåì, ñîãëàñíî êîòîðîìó ôèëîñîôèÿ âîîáùå ñóùåñòâóåò âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå, êàê ìíîãîîáðàçèå êîíêóðèðóþùèõ ó÷åíèé, ñèñòåì, øêîë. Ôèëîñîôñêèå ïîëîæåíèÿ íå ìîãóò áûòü âçâåøåíû íà âåñàõ óíèâåðñàëüíîé èñòèíû è òðåáóþò êîíêðåòíî-èñòîðè÷åñêîãî, êîíòåêñòóàëüíîãî ïîäõîäà. Ýòî â îñîáåííîñòè âåðíî ïðèìåíèòåëüíî ê ýòèêå, êîòîðàÿ áîëåå èíäèâèäóàëèçèðîâàíà è êîíêðåòíåå âïèñàíà â òêàíü êóëüòóðû, áîëåå ÿâíî íåñåò íà ñåáå ïå÷àòü ýïîõè, ÷åì äðóãèå ÷àñòè (àñïåêòû) ôèëîñîôèè.

Ïðèìåíèòåëüíî ê ðàáîòå â öåëîì àâòîðû íàìåðåííî îòêàçàëèñü îò êàêèõ-ëèáî îáîáùàþùèõ ñõåì, ïîñêîëüêó ñîâðåìåííîå ñîñòîÿíèå èñòîðèêî-ôèëîñîôñêîé íàóêè íå äàåò äîñòàòî÷íûõ îñíîâàíèé äëÿ ñèíòåòè÷åñêèõ òåîðèé, îõâàòûâàþùèõ âñþ ìèðîâóþ ôèëîñîôñêóþ ýòèêó. Öåëîñòíîñòü êíèãå ïðèäàåò åäèíñòâî ïðåäìåòà ðàññìîòðåíèÿ, ìåòîäîâ àíàëèçà è ìåòîäè÷åñêèõ ïðèåìîâ îðãàíèçàöèè ìàòåðèàëà. ×òî êàñàåòñÿ îòäåëüíûõ ðàçäåëîâ, òî îíè êîíöåïòóàëüíû è êàæäûé èç íèõ ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ðàçâåðíóòûé òåîðåòè÷åñêèé î÷åðê, ðåàëèçóþùèé èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèå ðåçóëüòàòû åãî àâòîðà (çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì, ïîæàëóé, ðàçäåëà, ïîñâÿùåííîãî åâðîïåéñêîé ýòèêå XIX è XX ñòîëåòèé, òàê êàê â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ðå÷ü èäåò î ñîâðåìåííûõ òåîðèÿõ, äëÿ àäåêâàòíîé îöåíêè êîòîðûõ òðåáóåòñÿ áîëåå îòäàëåííàÿ èíòåëëåêòóàëüíàÿ è èñòîðè÷åñêàÿ äèñòàíöèÿ).

À.À. Ãóñåéíîâ