Áèáëèîòåêà

Òåîëîãèÿ

Êîíôåññèè

Èíîñòðàííûå ÿçûêè

Äðóãèå ïðîåêòû







Òåð-Ìèíàñîâà Ñ. ßçûê è ìåæêóëüòóðíàÿ êîììóíèêàöèÿ

ÎÃËÀÂËÅÍÈÅ

×àñòü I. ßçûê êàê çåðêàëî êóëüòóðû

§ 5. Ðóññêèå ñòóäåíòû îá Àìåðèêå è Ðîññèè: èçìåíåíèÿ â êóëüòóðíîé è ÿçûêîâîé êàðòèíàõ ìèðà â 1992-1999 ãîäàõ

Òà ÷àñòü êóëüòóðíîé è, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, ÿçûêîâîé êàðòèíû ìèðà, íà êîòîðîé «èçîáðàæåíû» äðóãèå ñòðàíû è äðóãèå íàðîäû, ñîçäàåòñÿ ïîä ñèëüíûì âîçäåéñòâèåì ñòåðåîòèïîâ, â ôîðìèðîâàíèè êîòîðûõ ó÷àñòâóþò ðàçëè÷íûå ôàêòîðû (ïîäðîáíåå î ñòåðåîòèïàõ ñì.: ÷. II , ãë. 1, § 1). Ñòåðåîòèïû, êàê èçâåñòíî, îáëàäàþò âûñîêîé ñòåïåíüþ óñòîé÷èâîñòè, îäíàêî ïåðåìåíû â ñîöèàëüíîé æèçíè Ðîññèè â 90-å ãîäû XX âåêà áûëè íàñòîëüêî ðàäèêàëüíû, ÷òî ïîòðÿñëè è ïåðåâåðíóëè ïðèâû÷íûå ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ.

 ýòîì ïëàíå âåñüìà ïîêàçàòåëüíû ðåçóëüòàòû ïðîñòîãî ëèíãâîêóëüòóðîëîãè÷åñêîãî ýêñïåðèìåíòà, êîòîðûé ðåãóëÿðíî ïðîâîäèòñÿ àâòîðîì ýòîé ðàáîòû íà÷èíàÿ ñ 1992 ãîäà. Ñóòü åãî çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â ñëåäóþùåì. Ñòóäåíòû I êóðñà ôàêóëüòåòà èíîñòðàííûõ ÿçûêîâ ÌÃÓ, ïî ìîåé ïðîñüáå, çàïèñûâàþò ïåðâûå ïÿòü ñëîâ, êîòîðûå ïðèõîäÿò íà óì, êîãäà ðå÷ü èäåò: 1) îá Àìåðèêå è àìåðèêàíöàõ, 2) î Ðîññèè è ðóññêèõ.

 ïåðâîì ýêñïåðèìåíòå ïðèíÿëè ó÷àñòèå îêîëî 200 ÷åëîâåê â âîçðàñòå 16-23 ëåò. Ýòè ìîëîäûå ëþäè ôîðìèðîâàëèñü óæå â ïåðèîä ïåðåñòðîéêè. Ýòî îçíà÷àåò, ÷òî, â îòëè÷èå îò ñâîèõ ïðåäøåñòâåííèêîâ, êîòîðûå ñëûøàëè è ÷èòàëè òîëüêî ïëîõîå îá Àìåðèêå êàê «ïîòåíöèàëüíîì ïðîòèâíèêå» (ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, è àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê èçó÷àëñÿ êàê «ÿçûê ïîòåíöèàëüíîãî ïðîòèâíèêà») è òîëüêî õîðîøåå î ñâîåé ñòðàíå — Ñîâåòñêîì Ñîþçå, ýòè ñòóäåíòû, íàîáîðîò, ðîñëè ñ ìíåíèåì, íàâÿçàííîì èì ñðåäñòâàìè ìàññîâîé èíôîðìàöèè, êîòîðîå ìîæåò áûòü ñóììèðîâàíî òàê: â Àìåðèêå âñå ïðåêðàñíî — ó íàñ âñå îòâðàòèòåëüíî.

Ðåçóëüòàòû ýòîãî ïåðâîãî — 1992 ãîäà — îïðîñà áûëè â íåêîòîðûõ îòíîøåíèÿõ îøåëîìèòåëüíûìè. Òàê, àáñîëþòíûì ÷åìïèîíîì ïî ÷àñòîòíîñòè óïîòðåáëåíèÿ íåîæèäàííî îêàçàëîñü ñëîâî smile 'óëûáêà'. Èìåííî óëûáàþùèìèñÿ (è, ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ñ÷àñòëèâûìè) ïðåäñòàâëÿëè ñåáå àìåðèêàíöåâ ìîëîäûå ðóññêèå â 1992 ãîäó, êîãäà Ðîññèÿ, ïîòåðÿâ Ñîâåòñêèé Ñîþç, âñòóïèëà â ìèðîâîå ñîîáùåñòâî â íîâîì ñòàòóñå, íà íîâûõ óñëîâèÿõ.

Êóëüòóðíàÿ è ÿçûêîâàÿ êàðòèíû Àìåðèêè â îïûòå ðîññèéñêèõ ñòóäåíòîâ, èçó÷àþùèõ àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê, áûëè ïðåäñòàâëåíû òàêèì îáðàçîì.

1. Ïåðâûå äåñÿòü ìåñò çàíÿëè ñëåäóþùèå ñëîâà, ðàñïîëîæåííûå â ïîðÿäêå óáûâàíèÿ ÷àñòîòíîñòè (ñëîâà ïîä îäíèì íîìåðîì, èìåþò îäèíàêîâóþ ÷àñòîòíîñòü):

1. Smile [óëûáêà] (27%).

2. Freedom [ñâîáîäà] (20%).

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3. Rich [áîãàòûé], m îïåó [äåíüãè] (13%).

4. Skyscraper [íåáîñêðåá] (12%).

5. Business [á u çí ec ], Hollywood [Ãîëëèâóä], Statu å of Liberty [ñòàòóÿ Ñâîáîäû] (11%).

6. Cars [ìàøèíû], pragmatism [ïðàãìàòèçì] (10%).

7. Dollar [ äîëëàð ], President [ ïðåçèäåíò ], friendly [ äðóæåñêèé ], cheerful

[ âåñåëûé ] (9%).

8. New York [ Íüþ - Éîðê ], uninhibited [ íå îãðàíè÷åííûé çàïðåòàìè ], great / large [ âåëèêèé / áîëüøîé ], loud [ ãðîìêèé ] (8%).

9. Kind [äîáðûé], domineering [ãîñïîäñòâóþùèé, äîìèíèðóþùèé] (7%).

10. White House [Áåëûé Äîì], independence [íåçàâèñèìîñòü], comfort [êîìôîðò], supermarket [ñóïåðìàðêåò], health [çäîðîâüå], hospitable [ãîñòåïðèèìíûé] (6%).

Ïîëó÷åííûå äàííûå ðàñïðåäåëèëèñü ïî ñëåäóþùèì òåìàòè÷åñêèì ãðóïïàì.

2. ×åðòû õàðàêòåðà àìåðèêàíöåâ:

1. Smiling [óëûá÷èâûé].

2. Pragmatic [ ïðàãìàòè÷íûé ], business - like [ äåëîâîé ].

3. Friendly [ äðóæåñêèé ], cheerful [ âåñåëûé ], jayful [ ðàäîñòíûé ].

4. Uninhibited [íå îãðàíè÷åííûé çàïðåòàìè], loud [ãðîìêèé].

5. Kind [äîáðûé], domineering [ãîñïîäñòâóþùèé, äîìèíèðóþùèé].

6. Hospitable [ãîñòåïðèèìíûé], gregarious [ñòàäíûé],50ñ/îÜ/å [îáùèòåëüíûé].

7. Unceremonious [áåñöåðåìîííûé], unintellectual [íåèíòåëëåêòóàëüíûé], uneducated [íåîáðàçîâàííûé], poorly read [ìàëî íà÷èòàííûé], wonderful [çàìå÷àòåëüíûé], nice [ïðèÿòíûé].

8. Superficial [ïîâåðõíîñòíûé], self - confident [óâåðåííûé â ñåáå], boastful [õâàñòëèâûé], energetic [ýíåðãè÷íûé], interesting [èíòåðåñíûé].

9. Strange [ñòðàííûé], different [îòëè÷àþùèéñÿ], crazy [ñóìàñøåäøèé], like Russians [ïîõîæèé íà ðóññêèõ], hard working [òðóäîëþáèâûé], patriotic [ïàòðèîòè÷íûé], family - loving [ëþáÿùèé ñåìüþ], naive [íàèâíûé], childish [äåòñêèé].

10. Brave [ñìåëûé], open [îòêðûòûé], health - concerned / obsessed [çàáîòÿùèéñÿ î çäîðîâüå], travel - minded [ëþáÿùèé ïóòåøåñòâîâàòü], scientific [íàó÷íûé], logical [ëîãè÷íûé], insincere [íåèñêðåííèé], cruel / merciless [æåñòîêèé/áåñïîùàäíûé], fat [òîëñòûé], greedy [æàäíûé], self - indulgent [ñíèñõîäèòåëüíûé], bright [óìíûé].

3. Ñîâðåìåííàÿ æèçíü â ÑØÀ:

1. Freedom [ñâîáîäà].

2. Wealth [áîãàòñòâî], money [äåíüãè].

3. Business [áèçíåñ].

4. Cars [ìàøèíû].

5. Dollar [äîëëàð], President [ïðåçèäåíò].

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6. Independence [íåçàâèñèìîñòü], supermarket [ñóïåðìàðêåò], chewing - gum [æåâàòåëüíàÿ ðåçèíêà].

7. Power [ ñèëà ], democracy [ äåìîêðàòèÿ ], advertisements [ ðåêëàìû ].

8. Justice [ ñïðàâåäëèâîñòü ], prosperity [ ïðîöâåòàíèå ], immigrants [ èììèãðàíòû ], elections [ âûáîðû ], universities [ óíèâåðñèòåòû ], popcorn [ ïîï - êîðí ], Big Mac [ Áèã Ìàê ], Ñîñî - Ñî la [ êîêà - êîëà ].

9. Job [ ðàáîòà ], houses [ äîìà ], music [ ìóçûêà ], contrasts [ êîíòðàñòû ], native Americans [ àìåðèêàíöû , ðîäèâøèåñÿ â Àìåðèêå ], farmers [ ôåðìåðû ], hamburger [ ãàìáóðãåð ], beer [ ïèâî ], orange juice [ àïåëüñèíîâûé ñîê ], home video [ äîìàøíåå âèäåî ].

W . Banjo [áàíäæî], suburbs [ãîðîäñêèå îêðàèíû, ïðèãîðîäû].

4. Ïðèðîäà, ïåéçàæ:

1. Skyscrapers [íåáîñêðåáû].

2. Ocean [îêåàí].

3. World [ ìèð ].

4. Highways [ øîññå ], motorways [ àâòîñòðàäû ].

5. National parks [íàöèîíàëüíûå ïàðêè].

5. Ñîáñòâåííûå èìåíà:

1. Hollywood [ Ãîëëèâóä ], Statue of Liberty [ ñòàòóÿ Ñâîáîäû ].

2. New York [ Íüþ - Éîðê ].

3. White House [ Áåëûé Äîì ].

4. Disneyland [« Äèñíåéëåíä »], Washington [ Âàøèíãòîí ].

5. Los Angeles [ Ëîñ - Àíäæåëåñ ], California [ Êàëèôîðíèÿ ].

6. San Francisco [ Ñàí - Ôðàíöèñêî ], Marlboro [« Ìàëüáîðî »], Colorado [ Êîëîðàäî ].

7. Boston [Áîñòîí], Pentagon [Ïåíòàãîí], Broadway [Áðîäâåé], Harlem [Ãàðëåì].

8. Centra / Park [Öåíòðàëüíûé ïàðê], Long Island [Ëîíã-Àéëåíä], Yale University [Éåëüñêèé óíèâåðñèòåò].

9. McDonald ' s [Ìàêäîíàëüäñ], Bush [Áóø], Mark Twain

[Ìàðê Òâåí].

10. Clinton [Êëèíòîí], Î'Íå nr ó [Î'Ãåíðè], Hemingway [Õåìèíãóýé], Harvard University [Ãàðâàðäñêèé óíèâåðñèòåò].

11. Salinger [Ñýëèíäæåð], Chicago Bulls [«×èêàãî Áóëëç»], MTV [ÝìÒèÂè], Bruce Springsteen [Áðþñ Ñïðèíãñòèí], NBA [ÍÁÀ], Michael Jackson [Ìàéêë Äæåêñîí].

12. Monroe [Ìîíðî], Jane Fonda [Äæåéí Ôîíäà], New York Rangers [«Íüþ-Éîðê ðýíäæåðç»].

Èòàê, ÿçûêîâàÿ è êóëüòóðíàÿ êàðòèíû àìåðèêàíñêîãî ìèðà, èìåþùèåñÿ ó ðóññêèõ ñòóäåíòîâ è îñíîâàííûå ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì íà èíôîðìàöèè, ïîëó÷åííîé èç ïðåññû, ðàäèî è òåëåâèäåíèÿ, âïîëíå êîìïëè-

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ìåíòàðíû (ðîìàíòè÷íû, èäåàëèñòè÷íû) ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê Àìåðèêå. ÑØÀ êàê ãîñóäàðñòâî áîãàòû, ñâîáîäíû, ìîãóùåñòâåííû, íåçàâèñèìû è äåìîêðàòè÷íû. Àìåðèêàíöû — ëþäè äðóæåëþáíûå, äåëîâûå, ïðàãìàòè÷íûå, äîáðûå, ùåäðûå, áîäðûå, ðàñêîâàííûå, áåñöåðåìîííûå, îòêðûòûå, íàèâíûå è ò. ï.

Èíòåðåñíî, ÷òî êðèòè÷åñêèå çàìå÷àíèÿ ïðèøëè â îñíîâíîì îò òåõ, êòî ïîáûâàë â Àìåðèêå (îäíà äåâóøêà íàïèñàëà îãîð÷åííî: «Äîìà ó íèõ òàêèå áîãàòûå, íî òàì ñîâñåì íåò êíèã...»). Ñòîëêíîâåíèå ñ ðåàëüíîñòüþ ïîñëå âîñòîðæåííûõ îöåíîê â ñðåäñòâàõ ìàññîâîé èíôîðìàöèè ïðèâîäèò ê ðàçî÷àðîâàíèþ.  êàêîì-òî ñìûñëå êðèòè÷åñêîå îòíîøåíèå ê Àìåðèêå â ñîâåòñêèõ îôèöèàëüíûõ èçäàíèÿõ áûëî ïîëåçíåå àìåðèêàíöàì: íåäîâåðèå íàðîäà ê îôèöèàëüíîé, ïðàâèòåëüñòâåííîé òî÷êå çðåíèÿ èìåëî îáðàòíûé, òî åñòü ïîëîæèòåëüíûé, ýôôåêò. È íàîáîðîò, íåóìåðåííûå ïîõâàëû â àäðåñ àìåðèêàíöåâ, ñòîëü òèïè÷íûå äëÿ ïåðâûõ ëåò ïåðåñòðîéêè, ïîâðåäèëè èì â îáùåñòâåííîì ìíåíèè ðóññêèõ.

Òî÷íî òàêîé æå ýêñïåðèìåíò ñ òåìè æå ó÷àñòíèêàìè áûë ïðîâåäåí è â îòíîøåíèè Ðîññèè è ðóññêèõ. Âîò åãî ðåçóëüòàòû.

1. Ïåðâûå äåñÿòü ìåñò ïî ÷àñòîòíîñòè óïîòðåáëåíèÿ çàíÿëè ñëåäóþùèå ñëîâà:

1. Great [âåëèêèé], vast [îáøèðíûé], huge [ãðîìàäíûé], large [áîëüøîé] (26%).

2. Motherland [ ðîäèíà ], patriotism [ ïàòðèîòèçì ] (24%).

3. Culture [ êóëüòóðà ], history [ èñòîðèÿ ], mess [ áåñïîðÿäîê ], chaos [ õàîñ ], vodka [ âîäêà ] (23%).

4. Mysterious [ çàãàäî÷íûé ], strange [ ñòðàííûé ], soul [ äóøà ] (18%).

5. Íîòå [äîì], mother [ìàòü], friends [äðóçüÿ] (15%).

6. Moscow [Ìîñêâà], Orthodox Church [ïðàâîñëàâíàÿ öåðêîâü] (19%).

7. Dirty [ãðÿçíûé], grey [ñåðûé] (12%).

8. The Kremlin [ Êðåìëü ] (10%).

9. Poor [áåäíûé], hope [íàäåæäà], potentials [áîëüøîé ïîòåíöèàë], great future [âåëèêîå áóäóùåå] (9%).

10. Red Square [Êðàñíàÿ ïëîùàäü], gentle [íåæíûé], kind [äîáðûé], crisis [êðèçèñ], fools [äóðàêè], stupid [ãëóïûé] (7%).

2. ×åðòû õàðàêòåðà ðóññêèõ:

1. Friendly [ äðóæåñêèé ], intelligent [ óìíûé ].

2. Gentle [ íåæíûé ], kind [ äîáðûé ], foolish [ ãëóïîâàòûé ], stupid [ ãëóïûé ].

3. Rude [ ãðóáûé ], gloomy [ ìðà÷íûé ], talkative [ ðàçãîâîð÷èâûé ], hospitable [ ãîñòåïðèèìíûé ].

4. Worried [ òðåâîæíûé ], sad [ ãðóñòíûé ], unhappy [ ðàññòðîåííûé ], serious [ ñåðüåçíûé ], patient [ òåðïåëèâûé ], resourceful [ ñ áîëüøèìè âîçìîæíîñòÿìè ].

5. Healthy [ çäîðîâûé ], beautiful [ êðàñèâûé ], charitable [ äîáðîæåëàòåëüíûé ].

6. Sense of humour [ ÷óâñòâî þìîðà ], cheerful [ âåñåëûé ], unsmiling [ íåóëûá÷èâûé ].

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7. Big and strong [áîëüøîé è ñèëüíûé], powerful [ìîãóùåñòâåííûé], wicked [çëîáíûé], crooks [æóëèêè].

8. Trustful [äîâåð÷èâûé], deep [ãëóáîêèé], coarse [ãðóáûé], dull [óíûëûé], brave [ñìåëûé], nice [ìèëûé], generous [ùåäðûé].

9. Wonderful [ïðåêðàñíûé], reckless [áåçðàññóäíûé], interesting [èíòåðåñíûé].

3. Ñîâðåìåííàÿ æèçíü â Ðîññèè:

1. Mess [áåñïîðÿäîê], chaos [õàîñ], vodka [âîäêà].

2. Poverty [áåäíîñòü], lines ( queues ) [î÷åðåäè], Ëîðå [íàäåæäà].

3. Crisis [êðèçèñ].

4. Market [ðûíîê], communism [êîììóíèçì], civil war [ãðàæäàíñêàÿ âîéíà].

5. Inflation [èíôëÿöèÿ], instability [íåñòàáèëüíîñòü], difficulties [çàòðóäíåíèÿ], masochism [ìàçîõèçì], children [äåòè].

6. Violence [íàñèëèå], democrats [äåìîêðàòû], pension [ïåíñèÿ], food [åäà], President [ïðåçèäåíò], parliament [ïàðëàìåíò], rouble [ðóáëü].

7. Begging army [àðìèÿ ïîïðîøàåê], three - colour flag [òðåõöâåòíûé ôëàã].

8. Survival [âûæèâàíèå], debates [äåáàòû], trolley - buses [òðîëëåéáóñû].

4. Ïðèðîäà, ïåéçàæ:

1. Roads [äîðîãè].

2. Forest [ ëåñ ].

3. Birch - trees [ áåðåçû ].

4. Steppe [ ñòåïü ].

5. Villages [ äåðåâíè ].

6. Rivers [ ðåêè ].

7. Big cemeteries [ áîëüøèå êëàäáèùà ].

5. Ñîáñòâåííûå èìåíà:

1. Moscow [Ìîñêâà].

2. The Kremlin [ Êðåìëü ].

3. Red Square [Êðàñíàÿ ïëîùàäü].

4. Moscow State University [Ìîñêîâñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò].

5. Ivan [Èâàí], Leningrad [Ëåíèíãðàä], Tchaikovsky [×àéêîâñêèé], Dostoevsky [Äîñòîåâñêèé],

Siberia [Ñèáèðü], Yeltsin [Åëüöèí], Gorbachev [Ãîðáà÷åâ].

6. St . Petersburg [Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðã], Arbat [Àðáàò], Bolshoi Theatre [Áîëüøîé Tea ò p ], St . Basil ' s Cathedral [ñîáîð Âàñèëèÿ Áëàæåííîãî].

7. The Volga [Âîëãà], Pushkin [Ïóøêèí], Lenin [Ëåíèí].

8. Suvorov [Ñóâîðîâ], Dmitry Donskoy [Äìèòðèé Äîíñêîé], Moscow suburbs [Ïîäìîñêîâüå, ìîñêîâñêèå îêðàèíû].

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 1995 ãîäó ýòîò ýêñïåðèìåíò áûë ïîâòîðåí â òåõ æå óñëîâèÿõ, ñ òåì æå êîëè÷åñòâîì ó÷àñòíèêîâ, ñòóäåíòîâ I êóðñà ôàêóëüòåòà èíîñòðàííûõ ÿçûêîâ ÌÃÓ.

1. Ïåðâûå äåñÿòü ìåñò çàíÿëè ñëåäóþùèå íàèáîëåå óïîòðåáèòåëüíûå ñëîâà îá Àìåðèêå è àìåðèêàíöàõ:

199

2 (äëÿ ñðàâíåíèÿ)

199

5

1.

Smile [óëûáêà] (27%).

1.

Hollywood [Ãîëëèâóä] (26%).

2.

 

Freedom [ñâîáîäà] (20%).

 

2.

Statue of Liberty [ ñòàòóÿ

Ñâîáîäû ] (21%).

3.

 

Rich [áîãàòûé], money [äåíüãè]

(13%).

3.

 

Smile [óëûáêà] (19%).

 

4. :

Skyscrapers [íåáîñêðåáû] (12%).

4.

New York [ Íüþ - Éîðê ] (16%).

5.

Business [ áèçíåñ ], Hollywood

5.

Dollar [ äîëëàð ],

 

[ Ãîëëèâóä ], Statue of Liberty

 

McDonald ' s [Ìàêäîíàëüäñ]

 

[ñòàòóÿ Ñâîáîäû] (11%).

 

(13%).

6.

Cars [ ìàøèíû ], pragmatism

6.

Bill Clinton [ Áèëë Êëèíòîí ]

 

[ ïðàãìàòèçì ] (10%).

 

(11%).

7.

Dollar [ äîëëàð ], President [ ïðå -

7.

Freedom [ñâîáîäà],

 

çèäåíò], friendly [äðóæåñêèé],

 

Washington [Âàøèíãòîí],

 

cheerful [ðàäîñòíûé] (9%).

 

rich [áîãàòûé] (10%).

8.

New York [ Íüþ - Éîðê ],

8.

Skyscrapers [íåáîñêðåáû],

 

uninhibited [íå îãðàíè÷åííûé

 

business [áèçíåñ],

 

çàïðåòàìè], great / large

 

uninhibited [íå îãðàíè÷åííûé

 

[âåëèêèé/áîëüøîé], loud

 

çàïðåòàìè], baseball

 

[ãðîìêèé] (8%).

 

[ áåéñáîë ] (9%).

9.

Kind [ äîáðûé ], domineering

9.

White House [Áåëûé Äîì],

 

[ãîñïîäñòâóþùèé] (7%).

 

cowboys [ êîâáîè ], Disneyland

 

 

 

[«Äèñíåéëåíä»] (8%).

10.

White House [Áåëûé Äîì],

10.

Talkative [ðàçãîâîð÷èâûé],

 

independence [íåçàâèñèìîñòü],

 

drugs [íàðêîòèêè] (6%).

 

comfort [êîìôîðò],

 

 

 

supermarket [ ñóïåðìàðêåò ],

 

 

 

 

health [ çäîðîâüå ], hospitable

 

 

 

 

[ãîñòåïðèèìíûé] (6%).

 

 

 

Áîëüøèíñòâî ñëîâ â ýòèõ äâóõ ñïèñêàõ ñîâïàäàþò, íî òå, êîòîðûå ðàçëè÷àþòñÿ, êàê ðàç è ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò î ñîöèîêóëüòóðíûõ èçìåíåíèÿõ êàê â æèçíè Ðîññèè, òàê è â ñîçíàíèè åå æèòåëåé.  ðàçðÿä

íàèáîëåå ÷àñòîòíûõ, ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ 1992 ãîäîì, ïåðåøëè ñëîâà McDonald ' s [Ìàêäîíàëüäñ], Bill Clinton [Áèëë Êëèíòîí], Washington [Âàøèíãòîí], baseball [áåéñáîë], cowboys [êîâáîè], Disneyland [«Äèñíåéëåíä»], talkative [ðàçãîâîð÷èâûé], drugs [íàðêîòèêè]. Ìàêäîíàëüäñ, áåéñáîë, íàðêîòèêè êàê ñîöèàëüíûå ÿâëåíèÿ âñå áîëüøå îñâàèâàþòñÿ â ðîñ-

117

ñèéñêîé äåéñòâèòåëüíîñòè, ïîýòîìó óïîòðåáèòåëüíîñòü ýòèõ ñëîâ â ðå÷è ðåçêî âîçðàñòàåò.

Íàîáîðîò, óòðàòèëè ÷àñòîòíîñòü óïîòðåáëåíèÿ ñëîâà cars [ìàøèíû], pragmatism [ïðàãìàòèçì], friendly [äðóæåñêèé], cheerful [ðàäîñòíûé], great / large [âåëèêèé/áîëüøîé], loud [ãðîìêèé], kind [äîáðûé], domineering [ãîñïîäñòâóþùèé], comfort [êîìôîðò], supermarket [ñóïåðìàðêåò], health [çäîðîâüå], hospitable [ãîñòåïðèèìíûé], independence [íåçàâèñèìîñòü].

Ýòè èçìåíåíèÿ ëåãêî îáúÿñíèìû: îíè ðåçóëüòàò ïåðåìåí â ñîöèîêóëüòóðíîé æèçíè íàøåé ñòðàíû. Äåéñòâèòåëüíî, ÷èñëî ìàøèí èíîñòðàííûõ ìàðîê è ñóïåðìàðêåòîâ (ñëîâî çàèìñòâîâàíî âìåñòå ñ ðåàëèåé) óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ â Ìîñêâå áóêâàëüíî êàæäûé äåíü è ñòàíîâèòñÿ âñå áîëåå õàðàêòåðíîé ÷åðòîé íàøåé æèçíè. Ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, îíè âñå ìåíüøå àññîöèèðóþòñÿ ñ Çàïàäîì âîîáùå è Àìåðèêîé â ÷àñòíîñòè. Ïðàãìàòèçì òàêæå ñòàíîâèòñÿ âïîëíå ðîññèéñêèì (à âåðíåå, ìîñêîâñêèì) ïðèçíàêîì. Ñîêðàòèëîñü òàêæå êîëè÷åñòâî è èçìåíèëîñü êà÷åñòâî õàðàêòåðíûõ ÷åðò, ïðèïèñûâàåìûõ ðóññêèìè àìåðèêàíöàì.

Äàëüíåéøèå ðåçóëüòàòû îïðîñà 1995 ãîäà ñëåäóþùèå:

2. ×åðòû õàðàêòåðà àìåðèêàíöåâ:

1992 (äëÿ ñðàâíåíèÿ)

1995

1.

Smiling [óëûá÷èâûé].

1.

Smile [óëûáêà].

2.

Pragmatic [ïðàãìàòè÷íûé],

2.

Uninhibited [íå îãðàíè÷åí-

 

business-like [ äåëîâîé ].

 

íûé çàïðåòàìè].

3.

Friendly [äðóæåñêèé], cheerful

3.

Talkative [ðàçãîâîð÷èâûé].

 

[ðàäîñòíûé], joyful [âåñåëûé].

 

 

4.

Uninhibited [íå îãðàíè÷åííûé

4.

Easy - going [îáùèòåëüíûé].

 

çàïðåòàìè], loud [ãðîìêèé].

 

 

5.

Kind [ äîáðûé ], domineering

5.

Crazy [ ñóìàñøåäøèé ], noisy

 

[ãîñïîäñòâóþùèé].

 

[øóìíûé], energetic [ýíåðãè÷-

 

 

 

íûé], sociable [îáùèòåëüíûé],

 

 

 

optimistic [îïòèìèñòè÷íûé],

 

 

 

open people [èñêðåííèå ëþäè],

 

 

 

punctual [ïóíêòóàëüíûé],

 

 

 

cheerful [ âåñåëûé ].

6.

Hospitable [ ãîñòåïðèèìíûé ],

6.

Proud [ ãîðäûé ], hardworking

 

gregarious [ ñòàäíûé ], sociable

 

[òðóäîëþáèâûé], enterprising

 

[îáùèòåëüíûé].

 

[ïðåäïðèèì÷èâûé],

 

 

 

straightforward [ïðÿìîé],

 

 

 

patriotic [ ïàòðèîòè÷íûé ].

7.

Unceremonious [ áåñöåðåìîí -

7.

Lazy [ëåíèâûé], loud

 

íûé ], unintellectual [ íåèíòåë -

 

[ãðîìêèé].

 

ëåêòóàëüíûé], uneducated [íå-

 

 

 

îáðàçîâàííûé], poorly read [ìà-

 

 

 

ëî íà÷èòàííûé], wonderful [çà-

 

 

 

ìå÷àòåëüíûé], nice [ïðèÿòíûé].

 

 

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8.

 

 

Superficial [ïîâåðõíîñòíûé], self confident [óâåðåííûé â ñåáå].

boastful [õâàñòëèâûé], energetic

[ýíåðãè÷íûé], interesting [èíòåðåñíûé].

8.

 

 

Vulgar [âóëüãàðíûé],

relaxed [ðàññëàáëåííûé].

 

 

9.

Strange [ñòðàííûé],

different [îòëè ÷àþùèéñÿ], crazy [ñóìàñøåäøèé].

like Russians [ïîõîæèé íà ðóññêèõ],

hard working [ìíîãî ðàáîòàþùèé],

patriotic [ ïàòðèîòè÷íûé ], family -

loving [ ëþáÿùèé ñåìüþ ], naive

[íàèâíûé], childish [äåòñêèé].

9.

Smart [óìíûé].

 

 

10.

Cold [õîëîäíûé].

10.

Brave [ñìåëûé], îðå n [îòêðûòûé,

èñêðåííèé], healthconcerned / obsessed [çàáîòÿùèéñÿ î çäîðîâüå],

travelminded [ëþáÿùèé ïóòåøåñòâî-

âàòü ], scientific [ íàó÷íûé ], logical

[ëîãè÷íûé], insincere [íåèñêðåííèé],

cruel / merciless [æåñòîêèé/áåñïîùàäíûé],/î? [òîëñòûé], greedy [æàäíûé],

self - indulgent [ñíèñõîäèòåëüíûé],

bright [óìíûé]

 

 

3. Ñîâðåìåííàÿ æèçíü â ÑØÀ:

1992 (äëÿ ñðàâíåíèÿ)

1995

1.

Freedom [ñâîáîäà].

1.

Dollar [äîëëàð].

2.

Wealth [áîãàòñòâî], money [äåíüãè].

2.

Freedom [ ñâîáîäà ].

3.

Business [ áèçíåñ ].

3.

Business [ áèçíåñ ].

4.

Cars [ ìàøèíû ].

4.

Baseball [ áåéñáîë ].

5.

Dollar [ äîëëàð ], President [ ïðåçèäåíò ].

5.

Cowboys [ êîâáîè ].

6.

 

 

Independence [ íåçàâèñèìîñòü ],

supermarket [ ñóïåðìàðêåò ].

chewing - gum [ æåâàòåëüíàÿ ðåçèíêà ].

á.

 

 

Drugs [íàðêîòèêè].

 

 

7.

 

 

 

Power [ ñèëà ], democracy

[ äåìîêðàòèÿ ], advertisements

[ðåêëàìû].

 

7.

 

 

 

Fast food [çàáåãàëîâêè

( ôàñò - ôóä )], Coca - Cola

[êîêà-êîëà], Halloween [äåíü Âñåõ Ñâÿòûõ],

immigrants [ èììèãðàíòû ].

8.

 

Justice [ ñïðàâåäëèâîñòü ], prosperity

[ ïðîöâåòàíèå ], immigrants [ èììèãðàíòû ], elections [ âûáîðû ], universities [ óíèâåðñèòåòû ], popcorn [ ïîï - êîðí ], Big Mac [ Áèã Ìàê ], Coca - Cola [ êîêà - êîëà ].

8.

 

Different nations [ ðàçíûå

íàöèè ], hamburgers [ ãàìáóðãåðû ], Indians [ èíäåéöû ], football [ ôóòáîë ], chewing gum [ æåâàòåëüíàÿ ðåçèíêà ], sex - revolution [ ñåêñóàëüíàÿ ðåâîëþöèÿ ]

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9.

Job [pa á o ò a],

houses [ äîìà ],

music [ ì y çûê a],

contrasts [ êîíò pac òû ],

native Americans [ àìåðèêàíöû , ðîäèâøèåñÿ â Àìåðèê e ],

farmers [ ôåðìåðû ],

hamburger [ ãàìáóðãåð ],

beer [ ïèâî ],

orange juice [ àïåëüñèíîâûé ñîê ],

home video [ äîìàøíåå âèäåî ].

9.

Film [ôèëüìû]

ðî li ñå [ïîëèöèÿ],

wealth [áîãàòñòâî],

free enterpise [ñâîáîäíîå ïðåäïðèíèìàòåëüñòâî],

dirty streets [ ãðÿçíûå óëèöû ],

music [ ìóçûêà ],

violence [ íàñèëèå ].

10.

Banjo [ áàíäæî ],

suburbs [ãîðîäñêèå îêðàèíû, ïðèãîðîäû].

10.

Sport shoes [ñïîðòèâíàÿ îáóâü],

school bus [øêîëüíûé àâòîáóñ],

casino [ êàçèíî ],

rugby [ ðåãáè ],

drivers license from 15, 16 years

old [âîäèòåëüñêèå ïðàâà ñ 15-16 ëåò].

4.

Ïðèðîäà, ïåéçàæ:

 

 

1992 (äëÿ ñðàâíåíèÿ)

1995

1.

Skyscrapers [íåáîñêðåáû].

1.

Skyscrapers [íåáîñêðåáû].

2.

Ocean [îêåàí].

2.

Lakes [îçåðà].

3.

World [ìèð].

3.

Large [áîëüøîé],

b å atiful [êðàñèâûé],

heat [æàðà].

4.

Highways [ ø occe],

motorways [ àâòîñòðàäû ].

4.

Highway [ øîññå ].

 

5.

National parks [ íàöèîíàëüíûå

ïàðêè].

 

 

 

 

5.

Ñîáñòâåííûå èìåíà:

 

 

1992 (äëÿ ñðàâíåíèÿ)

1995

1.

Hollywood [ Ãîëëèâóä ],

Statue of Liberty [ ñòàòóÿ Ñâîáîäû ].

1.

Hollywood [ Ãîëëèâóä ].

2.

New York [ Íüþ - Éîðê ].

 

2.

The Statue of Liberty [ ñòàòóÿ Ñâîáîäû ].

3.

White House [ Áåëûé Äîì ].

3.

New York [ Íüþ - Éîðê ],

4.

Disneyland [« Äèñíåéëåíä »],

Washington [ Âàøèíãòîí ].

4.

McDonald's [ Ìàêäîíàëüäñ ].

5.

Los Angeles [ Ëîñ - Àíäæåëåñ ],

California [ Êàëèôîðíèÿ ].

5.

Bill Clinton [ Áèëë Êëèíòîí ].

6.

Son Francisco [ Ñàí - Ôðàíöèñêî ],

Marlboro [« Ìàëüáîðî »],

Colorado [ Êîëîðàäî ].

6.

Washington [ Âàøèíãòîí ].

7.

Boston [ Áîñòîí ], Pentagon

[ Ïåíòàãîí ], Broadway

[ Áðîäâåé ], Harlem [ Ãàðëåì ].

 

7.

White House [ Áåëûé Äîì ],

Disneyland [« Äèñíåéëåíä »],

Marlboro [« Ìàëüáîðî »],

Michael Jackson [ Ìàéêë Äæåêñîí ].

8.

Central Park [Öåíòðàëüíûé ïàðê],

8.

Harvard [Ãàðâàðä],

USA [ÑØÀ],

120

 

Long Island [ Ëîíã - Àéëåíä ],

Yale University [Éåëüñêèé óíèâåðñèòåò].

 

 

 

Harley Davidson [«Õàðëè

Äýâèäñîí»].

 

9.

McDonald ' s [Ìàêäîíàëüäñ],

Bush [Áóø],

Mark Twain [ Ìàðê Òâåí ].

9.

 

 

Broadway [ Áðîäâåé ], Los Ange -

les , LA [ Ëîñ - Àíäæåëåñ ], Ontario

[Îíòàðèî], Colorado [Êîëîðàäî].

10.

Clinton [Êëèíòîí],

O ' Henry [Î'Ãåíðè],

Hemingway [Õåìèíãóýé],

Harvard University [Ãàðâàðäñêèé óíèâåðñèòåò].

10.

 

 

 

 

, Las Vegas [ Ëàñ - Âåãàñ ],

Montana State [ øòàò Ìîíòàíà ],

Roosevelt [ Ðóçâåëüò ],

Denver [ Äåíâåð ],

Son Francisco [ Ñàí - Ôðàíöèñêî ],

Ford [ Ôîðä ].

11

Salinger [ Ñýëèíäæåð ],

Chicago Bulls [« ×èêàãî Áóëëç »],

Ì TV [ ÝìÒèÂè ],

Bruce Springsteen [ Áðþñ Ñïðèíãñòèí ],

N BA [ ÍÁÀ ],

Michael Jackson [ Ìàéêë Äæåêñîí ].

 

 

 

12

Monroe [ Ìîíðî ],

Jane Fonda [ Äæåéí Ôîíäà ],

New York Rangers [« Íüþ - Éîðê Ðýíäæåðç »].

 

 

 

Ðîññèÿ è ðóññêèå èìåþò ñëåäóþùèé âèä â ÿçûêîâîé è êóëüòóðíîé

êà ðòèíàõ ìèðà ðóññêèõ ñòóäåíòîâ:

 

 

 

 

 

1. Äåñÿòü íàèáîëåå ÷àñòîòíûõ ñëîâ:

1992 (äëÿ ñðàâíåíèÿ)

1995

1.

Great [âåëèêèé],

rast [îáøèðíûé],

huge [ãðîìàäíûé],

large [áîëüøîé] (26%).

1.

 

 

Red Square [Êðàñíàÿ ïëîùàäü]

(31%).

2.

 

Motherland [ ðîäèíà ], patriotism

[ ïàòðèîòèçì ] (24%).

2.

 

Moscow [ Ìîñêâà ] (29%).

 

3.

 

 

Culture [ êóëüòóðà ], history [ èñ -

òîðèÿ], mess [áåñïîðÿäîê],

chaos [õàîñ], vodka [âîäêà] (23%).

3.

 

 

Kremlin [ Êðåìëü ] (27%).

 

 

4.

 

Mysterious [ çàãàäî÷íûé ], strange

[ñòðàííûé], soul [äóøà] (18%).

4.

 

Vodka [âîäêà] (20%).

 

5.

 

Íîòå [äîì], mother [ìàòü],

friends [ äðóçüÿ ] (15%).

5.

 

Hospitable [ ãîñòåïðèèìíûé ]

(16%).

6.

 

Moscow [ Ìîñêâà ], Orthodox Church

[ïðàâîñëàâíàÿ öåðêîâü] (13%).

6.

 

Winter [çèìà] (14%).

 

7.

 

Dirty [ãðÿçíûé], gr åó [ñåðûé]

(12%).

7.

 

Churches [ öåðêâè ], beautiful na -

ture [êðàñèâàÿ ïðèðîäà] (10%).

8.

 

 

Kremlin [ Êðåìëü ] (10%).

 

 

8.

 

 

MSU ( Moscow State University )

[ÌÃÓ (Ìîñêîâñêèé ãîñóäàðñò-

âåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò)] (9%).

121

9.

Poor [áåäíûé], hope [íàäåæäà], potentials [áîëüøîé ïîòåíöèàë], great future [âåëèêîå áóäóùåå] (9%).

9.

Boris Yeltsin [Áîðèñ Åëüöèí], forests [ëåñà], Lenin [Ëåíèí] (7%).

10.

Red Square [Êðàñíàÿ ïëîùàäü], gentle [íåæíûé], kind [äîáðûé], crisis [êðèçèñ], fools [äóðàêè], stupid [ãëóïûé] (7%).

10.

New Russians [íîâûå ðóññêèå], home [äîì], great persons [âåëèêèå ëþäè], dirty streets [ãðÿçíûå óëèöû] (6%).

Çà ïðîøåäøèå òðè ãîäà (1992-1995) Red Square [Êðàñíàÿ ïëîùàäü] ïîäíÿëàñü ñ ïîñëåäíåãî ìåñòà â ñïèñêå ñàìûõ ÷àñòîòíûõ ñëîâ è ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèé íà ïåðâîå. Moscow [Ìîñêâà] è Kremlin [Êðåìëü] òàêæå óâåëè÷èëè ÷àñòîòíîñòü óïîòðåáëåíèÿ. Vodka [âîäêà] ñîõðàíèëà ñâîè ïîçèöèè, âîçíèêëè New Russians [íîâûå ðóññêèå], beautiful nature [êðàñèâàÿ ïðèðîäà], Boris Yeltsin [Áîðèñ Åëüöèí], hospitable [ãîñòåïðèèìíûé]. Íàîáîðîò, óøëè èç ÷àñòî âñòðå÷àþùèõñÿ òàêèå ñëîâà, êàê mess [áåñïîðÿäîê], chaos [õàîñ], fools [äóðàêè], stupid [ãëóïûé], crisis [êðèçèñ]. Âìåñòå ñ íèìè óìåíüøèëè óïîòðåáèòåëüíîñòü è culture [êóëüòóðà], history [èñòîðèÿ], hope [íàäåæäà], potentials [áîëüøîé ïîòåíöèàë], great f utu re [âåëèêîå áóäóùåå]. Ïî òåìàòè÷åñêèì ãðóïïàì äàííûå îïðîñà ðàñïðåäåëèëèñü ñëåäóþùèì îáðàçîì:

2. ×åðòû õàðàêòåðà ðóññêèõ:

1992 (äëÿ ñðàâíåíèÿ)

1995

1.

Friendly [äðóæåñêèé], intelligent [óìíûé].

1.

Hospitable [ãîñòåïðèèìíûé].

2.

Gentle [íåæíûé], kind [äîáðûé], foolish [ãëóïîâàòûé], stupid [ãëóïûé].

2.

Lazy [ëåíèâûé], kind [äîáðûé].

3.

Rude [ãðóáûé], gloomy [ìðà÷íûé], talkative [ðàçãîâîð÷èâûé], hospitable [ãîñòåïðèèìíûé].

3.

Honest [÷åñòíûé], patient [òåðïåëèâûé], rude [ãðóáûé], religious [ðåëèãèîçíûé], sense of humour [÷óâñòâî þìîðà], open [îòêðûòûé].

4.

Worried [îçàáî÷åííûé], sad [ãðóñòíûé], unhappy [áåçðàäîñòíûé], serious [ñåðüåçíûé], patient [òåðïåëèâûé], resourceful [ñ áîãàòûìè âîçìîæíîñòÿìè].

4.

Educated [îáðàçîâàííûé], open - hearted [îòêðûòûé], simple [ïðîñòîé].

5.

Healthy [çäîðîâûé], beautiful [êðàñèâûé], charitable [äîáðîæåëàòåëüíûé].

5.

Cheerful [ðàäîñòíûé], sensitive [÷óâñòâèòåëüíûé], enduring [âûíîñëèâûé].

á.

Sense of humour [÷óâñòâî þìîðà], cheerful [ðàäîñòíûé], unsmiling [íåóëûá÷èâûé].

6.

Dangerous [îïàñíûé].

122

7.

Big and strong [áîëüøîé è ñèëüíûé], powerful [âëàñòíûé], wicked [ñóìàñøåäøèé], crooks [ìîøåííèêè].

7.

Respect to other nations [óâàæåíèå ê äðóãèì íàöèÿì], unpredictable [íåïðåäñêàçóåìûé], crazy [ñóìàñøåäøèé].

8.

Trustful [äîâåð÷èâûé], deep [ãëóáîêèé], coarse [ãðóáûé], dull [âÿëûé], brave [ñìåëûé], nice [ïðèÿòíûé], generous [ùåäðûé].

8.

Angry people [çëûå ëþäè], alcoholics [àëêîãîëèêè].

9.

Wonderful [ïðåêðàñíûé], reckless [áåçðàññóäíûé], interesting [èíòåðåñíûé].

9.

Friendly [äðóæåñêèé], poor [áåäíûé], uneducated [íåîáðàçîâàííûé].

 

 

10.

Nationalistic [íàöèîíàëèñòè÷åñêèé], unsmiling [íåóëûá÷èâûé].

3. Ñîâðåìåííàÿ æèçíü â Ðîññèè:

1992 (äëÿ ñðàâíåíèÿ)

1995

1.

Mess [áåñïîðÿäîê], chaos [õàîñ], vodka [âîäêà].

1.

Vodka [âîäêà].

2.

Poverty [áåäíîñòü], lines ( queues ) [î÷åðåäè], hope [íàäåæäà].

2.

Winter [ çèìà ], churches [ öåðêâè ].

3.

Crisis [ êðèçèñ ].

3.

New Russians [ íîâûå ðóññêèå ], dirty streets [ ãðÿçíûå óëèöû ].

4.

Market [ ðûíîê ], communism [ êîììóíèçì ], civil war [ ãðàæäàíñêàÿ âîéíà ].

4.

Drunkards [ ïüÿíèöû ], communism [ êîììóíèçì ], perestroyka [ ïåðåñòðîéêà ], political changes [ èçìåíåíèÿ â ïîëèòèêå ], difficult life [ òðóäíàÿ æèçíü ], mafia [ ìàôèÿ ], balalaika [ áàëàëàéêà ], samovar [ ñàìîâàð ], pretty girls [ êðàñèâûå äåâóøêè ].

5.

Inflation [ èíôëÿöèÿ ], instability [ íåñòàáèëüíîñòü ], difficulties [ òðóäíîñòè ], masochism [ ìàçîõèçì ], children [ äåòè ].

5.

Bread and salt [ õëåá - ñîëü ], national songs [ íàöèîíàëüíûå ïåñíè ], troubles [ ïðîáëåìû ], revolution [ ðåâîëþöèÿ ].

6.

Violence [ íàñèëèå ], democrats [ äåìîêðàòû ], pension [ ïåíñèÿ ], food [ åäà ], President [ ïðåçèäåíò ], parliament [ ïàðëàìåíò ], rouble [ ðóáëü ].

6.

Bath-house [ áàíÿ ], customs [ îáû÷àè ], traditions [ òðàäèöèè ].

7.

Begging army [ àðìèÿ ïîïðîøàåê ], three - colour flag [ òðåõöâåòíûé ôëàã ].

7.

Pancakes [ áëèíû ], ðå lmeni [ ïåëüìåíè ], borshch [ áîðù ].

8.

Survival [ âûæèâàíèå ], debates [ äåáàòû ], trolley - buses [ òðîëëåéáóñû ].

8.

New capitalism [ íîâûé êàïèòàëèçì ], rich culture [ áîãàòàÿ êóëüòóðà ], writers [ ïèñàòåëè ],

123

 

good literature [õîðîøàÿ ëèòåðàòóðà], very great culture [âåëè÷àéøàÿ êóëüòóðà], music [ìóçûêà].

9.

Hockey [ õîêêåé ], high prices [ âûñîêèå öåíû ].

10

No opportunities for young people [ íèêàêèõ âîçìîæíîñòåé äëÿ ìîëîäåæè ], no laws [ íèêàêèõ ç a êîíîâ ], crowded transport

[ òîëïû â òðàíñïîðòå ], imitation of the West

[ïîäðàæàíèå Çàïàäó], chaos [õàîñ].

4. Ïðèðîäà, ïåéçàæ:

1992 (äëÿ ñðàâíåíèÿ)

1995

1.

Roads [ äîðîãè ].

1.

Winter [ çèìà ].

2.

Forest [ ëåñ ].

2.

Beautiful nature [ êðàñèâàÿ

 

 

 

ïðèðîäà].

3.

Birch - trees [áåðåçû].

3.

Forests [ ëåñà ].

4.

Steppe [ ñòåïè ].

4.

Cold weather [õîëîäíàÿ ïîãîäà].

5.

Villages [ äåðåâíè ].

5.

Long distances [ áîëüøèå

 

 

 

ðàññòîÿíèÿ], bear [ìåäâåäü],

 

 

 

villages [ äåðåâíè ], la rge area

 

 

 

[áîëüøàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ], birch

 

 

 

[áåðåçà].

6.

Rivers [ðåêè].

6. .

Architecture [ àðõèòåêòóðà ].

7.

Big cemeteries [ áîëüøèå

7.

Fields [ïîëÿ].

 

êëàäáèùà].

8.

Great valleys [âåëèêèå äîëèíû].

 

 

 

 

9.

 

Taiga [ òàéãà ], golden domes

[çîëîòûå êóïîëà].

 

 

 

 

 

 

10.

 

 

Roads [ äîðîãè ], fields [ ïîëÿ ],

beautiful country [ êðàñèâûé

ñåëüñêèé ïåéçàæ].

5. Ñîáñòâåííûå èìåíà:

1992 (äëÿ ñðàâíåíèÿ)

1995

1.

Moscow [Ìîñêâà].

1.

Red Square [Êðàñíàÿ ïëîùàäü].

2.

The Kremlin [Êðåìëü].

2.

Moscow [Ìîñêâà].

3.

Red Square [Êðàñíàÿ ïëîùàäü].

3.

Kremlin [Êðåìëü].

4.

Moscow State University

4.

MSU ( Moscow State University )

5.

[Ìîñêîâñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò]. Ivan [Èâàí], Leningrad [Ëåíèíãðàä], Tchaikovsky [×àéêîâñêèé], Dostoevsky [Äîñòîåâñêèé], Siberia [Ñèáèðü], Yeltsin [Åëüöèí], Gorbachev [Ãîðáà÷åâ].

5.

[ÌÃÓ (Ìîñêîâñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò)]. Boris Yeltsin [Áîðèñ Åëüöèí], Lenin [Ëåíèí].

6.

St Petersburg [ Ñàíêò - Ïåòåðáóðã ], Arbat [ Àðáàò ], Bolshoi Theatre

6.

Saint Petersburg [Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðã].

 

[Áîëüøîé òåàòð], St . Basil ' s Cathedral [ñîáîð Âàñèëèÿ

7.

Siberia [Ñèáèðü], Pushkin [Ïóøêèí].

 

Áëàæåííîãî].

8.

Stalin [Ñòàëèí], Arbat [Àðáàò],

7.

The Volga [Âîëãà], Pushkin [Ïóøêèí], Lenin [Ëåíèí].

 

Dostoevsky [Äîñòîåâñêèé], the Bolshoi Theatre [Áîëüøîé òåàòð],

8.

Suvorov [ Ñóâîðîâ ], Dmitry

 

Peter the First [ Ïåòð Ïåðâûé ].

 

Donskoy [Äìèòðèé Äîíñêîé],

9.

Moscow [ Ìîñêâà ], Alexander

 

Moscow suburbs [Ïîäìîñêîâüå, ìîñêîâñêèå îêðàèíû].

 

Nevsky [Àëåêñàíäð Íåâñêèé], Dmitry Donskoy [Äìèòðèé

 

 

 

Äîíñêîé].

 

 

10.

Tolstoy [Òîëñòîé], GUM [ÃÓÌ], « Zhiguli » ( a car ) [«Æèãóëè» (ìàøèíà)], USSR [ÑÑÑÐ], Chechnya [×å÷íÿ].

Îïðîñ 1998 ãîäà äàë ñëåäóþùèå ðåçóëüòàòû:

1. Ïåðâûå äåñÿòü ìåñò ïî ÷àñòîòíîñòè çàíÿëè òàêèå ñëîâà îá Àìåðèêå è àìåðèêàíöàõ:

1. New York [ Íüþ - Éîðê ] (35%).

2. The Statue of Liberty [ ñòàòóÿ Ñâîáîäû ] (33%).

3. Bill Clinton [ Áèëë Êëèíòîí ] (27%).

4. Smile [ óëûáêà ], Hollywood [ Ãîëëèâóä ] (22%).

5. McDonald's [ Ìàêäîíàëüäñ ] (19%).

6. Freedom [ ñâîáîäà ] (18%).

7. Washington D. Ñ . [ Âàøèíãòîí ( ãîðîä )] (11%).

8. Skyscrapers [ íåáîñêðåáû ], business [ áèçíåñ ] (10%).

9. George Washington [ Äæîðäæ Âàøèíãòîí ], friendly [ äðóæåñêèé ], dollars [ äîëëàðû ], hamburgers [ ãàìáóðãåðû ], Coca-Cola [ êîêà - êîëà ] (8,5%).

10. White House [ Áåëûé Äîì ], baseball [ áåéñáîë ], basketball [ áàñêåòáîë ], Disney and Disneyland [ Äèñíåé è « Äèñíåéëåíä »] (6,5%).

125

Äàííûå îïðîñà 1998 ãîäà ïî òåìàòè÷åñêèì ãðóïïàì:

2. ×åðòû õàðàêòåðà àìåðèêàíöåâ:

1. Smiling [óëûá÷èâûé].

2. Friendly [äðóæåñêèé].

3. Democratic [äåìîêðàòè÷íûé], proud [ãîðäûé], self - confident [óâåðåííûé â ñåáå], patriotic [ïàòðèîòè÷íûé].

4. Funny [âåñåëûé], happy [ðàäîñòíûé], stupid [ãëóïûé], healthy [çäîðîâûé], long [âûñîêèé], noisy [øóìíûé].

5. Proud [ãîðäûé], self - important [âàæíûé], greedy [æàäíûé], fussy [ñïîðÿùèé], communicative [êîììóíèêàáåëüíûé].

6. Warm [òåïëûé], rude [ãðóáûé], quick [áûñòðûé].

7. Unfriendly [íåäðóæåñêèé], cheerful [âåñåëûé], good - natured [ñ õîðîøèì õàðàêòåðîì].

8. Hypocrisy [ëèöåìåðèå], racism [ðàñèçì].

9. Militant [âîèíñòâåííûé], overworking [ñëèøêîì ìíîãî ðàáîòàþùèé], borrowing brains [èñïîëüçóþùèé ÷óæîé òðóä], angry [çëîé].

3. Ñîâðåìåííàÿ æèçíü â ÑØÀ:

1. Freedom [ ñâîáîäà ].

2. Business [ áèçíåñ ].

3. Coca - Cola [ êîêà - êîëà ], hamburgers [ ãàìáóðãåðû ], dollars [ äîëëàðû ].

4. Basketball [ áàñêåòáîë ], baseball [ áåéñáîë ], cowboys [ êîâáîè ].

5. Fast food [ çàáåãàëîâêè ( ôàñò - ôóä )], football [ ôóòáîë ], jeans [ äæèíñû ], cars [ ìàøèíû ], hot dogs [ õîò - äîãè ].

6. President [ ïðåçèäåíò ], money [ äåíüãè ], popcorn [ ïîï - êîðí ], music [ ìóçûêà ], states [ øòàòû ], Independence Day [ Äåíü Íåçàâèñèìîñòè ].

7. Pop culture [ ïîï - êóëüòóðà ], NBA ( National Basketball Association ) [ ÍÁÀ ( Íàöèîíàëüíàÿ Áàñêåòáîëüíàÿ àññîöèàöèÿ )], films [ êèíîôèëüìû ], film stars [ êèíîçâåçäû ], different nations [ ðàçíûå íàöèîíàëüíîñòè ], American dream [ àìåðèêàíñêàÿ ìå÷òà ], independence [ íåçàâèñèìîñòü ], black people [ ÷åðíîêîæèå ], fat people [ òîëñòÿêè ].

8. Junk food [ íåêà÷åñòâåííàÿ , áûñòðî ïðèãîòîâëåííàÿ åäà ], Indians [ èíäåéöû ], bikers [ áàéêåðû ], teenagers [ òèíåéäæåðû ], green card [« çåëåíàÿ êàðòà »], divorce [ ðàçâîä ], industry [ ïðîìûøëåííîñòü ], lack of culture [ îòñóòñòâèå êóëüòóðû ], education [ îáðàçîâàíèå ].

9. Supermarkets [ ñóïåðìàðêåòû ], pizza [ ïèööà ], drugs [ íàðêîòèêè ], very expensive medicines [ î÷åíü äîðîãèå ëåêàðñòâà ], bank [ áàíê ], traffic [ äîðîæíîå äâèæåíèå ], universities [ óíèâåðñèòåòû ].

10. Beer [ ïèâî ], turkey [ èíäåéêà ], cheeseburgers [ ÷èçáóðãåðû ], chewing gum [ æåâàòåëüíàÿ ðåçèíêà ], mess [ áåñïîðÿäîê ], prosperity [ ïðîöâåòàíèå ], sex [ ñåêñ ], discrimination [ äèñêðèìèíàöèÿ ], a possibility to earn money honestly [ âîçìîæíîñòü ÷åñòíî çàðàáàòûâàòü íà æèçíü ], farmers [ ôåðìåðû ], t - shirts [ ôóòáîëêè ], free style of clothes [ ñâîáîäíûé ñòèëü îäåæäû ].

126

4. Ïðèðîäà, ïåéçàæ:

1. Skyscrapers [íåáîñêðåáû].

2. Ocean [ îêåàí ].

3. Highways [ øîññå ]. 4. Tornado [ òîðíàäî ].

5. Big avenues [ îãðîìíûå àâåíþ ], large streets [ áîëüøèå óëèöû ].

6. Green grass [çåëåíàÿ òðàâà].

7. National parks [íàöèîíàëüíûå ïàðêè].

5. Ñîáñòâåííûå èìåíà:

1. New York [ Íüþ - Éîðê ].

2. Statue of Liberty [ ñòàòóÿ Ñâîáîäû ]. 3. Bill Clinton [ Áèëë Êëèíòîí ].

4. Hollywood [ Ãîëëèâóä ].

5. McDonald's [ Ìàêäîíàëüäñ ].

6. Washington [ Âàøèíãòîí ].

7. George Washington [ Äæîðäæ Âàøèíãòîí ].

8. White House [ Áåëûé Äîì ], Disney and Disneyland [ Äèñíåé è « Äèñíåé -

9. Columbus [ Êîëóìá ], Abraham Lincoln [ Àâðààì Ëèíêîëüí ], John Kennedy [ Äæîí Êåííåäè ], Michael Jackson [ Ìàéêë Äæåêñîí ], California [ Êàëèôîðíèÿ ].

10. Elvis Presley [ Ýëâèñ Ïðåñëè ], Madonna [ Ìàäîííà ], Los Angeles [ Ëîñ - Àíäæåëåñ ].

11. Alaska [ Àëÿñêà ], Chicago [ ×èêàãî ], Stealth F-117 À [ Ñòåëå Ô -117 À ], Ronald Reagan [ Ðîíàëüä Ðåéãàí ], Yale University [ Éåëüñêèé óíèâåðñèòåò ], Martin Luther King [ Ìàðòèí Ëþòåð Êèíã ], Broadway [ Áðîäâåé ], Vietnam [ Âüåòíàì ], Pentagon [ Ïåíòàãîí ], Michael Jordan [ Ìàéêë Äæîðäàí ], Jack London [ Äæåê Ëîíäîí ], Julia Roberts [ Äæóëèÿ Ðîáåðòå ], Mickey Mouse [ Ìèêêè Ìàóñ ], Budweiser [« Áóäâàéçåð »].

12 Theodor Roosevelt [ Òåîäîð Ðóçâåëüò ], Hilary Clinton [ Õèëàðè Êëèíòîí ], Uncle Sam [ äÿäÿ Ñýì ], Theodor Dreiser [ Òåîäîð Äðàéçåð ], Hemingway [ Õåìèíãóýé ], J. F. Cooper [ Äæ . Ô . Êóïåð ], «Mayflower» [« Ìåéôëàóýð » ( ìîðñêîå ñóäíî )], Forrest Gump [ Ôîððåñò Ãàìï ], Kevin Kostner [ Êåâèí Êîñòíåð ], Texas [ Òåõàñ ], Niagara Falls [ Íèàãàðñêèé âîäîïàä ], Miamy Beach [ Ìàéàìè Áè÷ ], Las Vegas [ Ëàñ - Âåãàñ ], Manhattan [ Ìàíõýòòåí ].

Ðîññèÿ è ðóññêèå ïðåäñòàâëåíû â ÿçûêîâîé è êóëüòóðíîé êàðòèíàõ ìèðà ñòóäåíòîâ ÌÃÓ â 1998 ãîäó ñëåäóþùèì îáðàçîì:

1. Äåñÿòü íàèáîëåå ÷àñòîòíûõ ñëîâ:

1. Poverty [áåäíîñòü] (35%).

2. Moscow [Ìîñêâà] (32%).

3. Soul [äóøà], vodka [âîäêà] (20%).

4. Birch - trees [ áåðåçû ] (18%).

5. Kremlin [ Êðåìëü ], Pushkin [ Ïóøêèí ] (16%).

6. Rouble [ ðóáëü ], caviar [ èêðà ], crisis [ êðèçèñ ] (15%).

127

7.

Winter [ çèìà ], snow [ ñíåã ] (14%).

8.

Motherland [ ðîäèíà ], c ulture [ êóëüòóðà ] (12%).

9.

Mafia [ ìàôèÿ ], ïî good roads [ áåçäîðîæüå ], songs [ ïåñíè ], puzzling

[çàãàäî÷íûé], unpredictable [íåïðåäñêàçóåìûé] (10%).

10.

Villages [äåðåâíè], chastushkas [÷àñòóøêè] (8%).

2. ×åðòû õàðàêòåðà ðóññêèõ:

1.

The national spirit [ íàöèîíàëüíûé ä yx], Russian soul [ ðóññêàÿ äóøà ].

2.

Love for Motherland [ ëþáîâü ê ðîäèíå ].

3.

Emotinal [ýìîöèîíàëüíûé], sentimental [ñåíòèìåíòàëüíûé].

4.

Patient [ òåðïåëèâûé ], generous [ ùåäðûé ], hospitable [ ãîñòåïðèèìíûé ].

5.

Talkative [ ðàçãîâîð÷èâûé ], open [ îòêðûòûé ], kind [ äîáðûé ].

6.

Puzzling [ çàãàäî÷íûé ], unpredictable [ íåïðåäñêàçóåìûé ].

7.

Fools [ äóðàêè ], wicked [ çëîé ], narrow - minded [ îãðàíè÷åííûé ].

8.

Gloomy [ ìðà÷íûé ], fussy [ ñóåòëèâûé ], the mentality of a mob [ ñòàäíûé èíñòèíêò ].

9.

Unaggressive [ íåàãðåññèâíûé ], kind [ äîáðûé ].

10.

Melancholy [ ìåëàíõîëè÷íûé ], inaccurate [ íåòî÷íûé ], tight - minded [ ëåãêîìûñëåííûé ].

 

 

 

 

3. Ñîâðåìåííàÿ æèçíü â Ðîññèè:

1.

Poverty [áåäíîñòü].

2.

Vodka [âîäêà].

3.

Rouble [ ðóáëü ], caviar [ èêðà ],

crisis [ ÊÐÈÇÈÑ ].

4.

Culture [ êóëüòóðà ], museums [ ìóçåè ].

5.

Mafia [ ìàôèÿ ], ïî good mads [ áåçäîðîæüå ], songs [ ïåñíè ].

6.

Chastushkas [÷àñòóøêè], ïî laws [îòñóòñòâèå çàêîíîâ].

7.

A great potential [îãðîìíûé ïîòåíöèàë], communists [êîììóíèñòû], ïîðå [íàäåæäà], friends [äðóçüÿ], homeland native culture [íàöèîíàëüíàÿ êóëüòóðà ñòðàíû], arts [èñêóññòâî], history [èñòîðèÿ], roots [êîðíè].

8.

Dirt [ãðÿçü], mess [áåñïîðÿäîê], family [ñåìüÿ], hopelessness [áåçíàäåæíîñòü], uncertain future [íåïîíÿòíîå áóäóùåå], f å ar [ñòðàõ], politics [ïîëèòèêà].

9.

Misery [ãîðå], darkness [òåìíîòà], humour [þìîð], books [êíèãè], parliament [ïàðëàìåíò].

10.

Balalaika [áàëàëàéêà], dustbins [óðíû], unemployment [áåçðàáîòèöà], ruins [ðàçâàëèíû], dirty shoes [ãðÿçíàÿ îáóâü], matryoshka [ìàòðåøêà].

 

 

 

 

128

4.

Ïðèðîäà, ïåéçàæ:

1.

Birch - trees [áåðåçû].

2.

Vastness [ïðîñòîð].

3.

Snow [ñíåã], cold [õîëîä], winter [çèìà], frost [ìîðîç].

4.

Greenery [çåëåíü].

5.

Rich [áîãàòûé], beautiful nature [êðàñèâàÿ ïðèðîäà].

6.

Villages [ äåðåâíè ], fields [ ïîëÿ ].

5.

Èìåíà ñîáñòâåííûå:

1.

Moscow [Ìîñêâà].

2.

Pushkin [Ïóøêèí], Kremlin [Êðåìëü].

3.

Siberia [ Ñèáèðü ].

4.

Ivan the Fool [ Èâàí - äóðàê ].

5.

Christ the Saviour Cathedral [ õðàì Õðèñòà Ñïàñèòåëÿ ].

6.

Zagorsk [ Çàãîðñê ].

7.

«Zhiguli» (a car) [« Æèãóëè » ( ìàøèíà )].

8.

«The Siberian Barber» (a film) [« Ñèáèðñêèé öèðþëüíèê » ( ôèëüì )].

9.

Kiev [ Êèåâ ].

10.

Sakharov [ Ñàõàðîâ ].

 

 

 

 

 çàêëþ÷åíèå ñîïîñòàâèì ñïèñêè íàèáîëåå ÷àñòîòíûõ ñëîâ çà ïåðèîä 1992-1998 ãîäîâ.

ÑØÀ:

1992

1995

1998

1.

Smile [óëûáêà] (27%).

1.

Hollywood [ Ãîëëèâóä ] (26%).

1.

New York [ Íüþ - Éîðê ] (35%).

2.

Freedom [ ñâîáîäà ] (20%).

2.

Statue of Liberty [ ñòàòóÿ Ñâîáîäû ] (21%).

2.

The Statue of Liberty [ ñòàòóÿ Ñâîáîäû ] (33%).

3.

Rich [áîãàòûé], money [äåíüãè] (13%).

3.

Smile [óëûáêà] (19%).

3.

Bill Clinton [Áèëë Êëèíòîí] (27%).

4.

Skyscrapers [ íåáîñêðåáû ] (12%).

4.

New York [ Íüþ - Éîðê ] (16%).

4.

Smile [ óëûáêà ], Hollywood [ Ãîëëèâóä ] (22%).

5.

Business [ áèçíåñ ], Hollywood [ Ãîëëèâóä ], Statue of Liberty [ ñòàòóÿ Ñâîáîäû ] (11%).

5.

Dollar [ äîëëàð ], McDonald's [ Ìàêäîíàëüäñ ] (13%).

5.

McDonald's [ Ìàêäîíàëüäñ ] (19%).

6.

Cars [ ìàøèíû ], pragmatism [ ïðàãìàòèçì ] (10%).

á .

Bill Clinton [ Áèëë Êëèíòîí ] (11%).

6.

Freedom [ ñâîáîäà ] (18%).

7.

Dollar [ äîëëàð ], President

7.

Freedom [ ñâîáîäà ],

7.

Washington D. Ñ .

 

[ ïðåçèäåíò ], friendly [ äðóæåëþáíûé ], cheerful [ áîäðûé ] (9%).

 

Washington [ Âàøèíãòîí ], rich [ áîãàòûé ] (10%).

 

[Âàøèíãòîí (ãîðîä)] (11%).

8.

New York [Íüþ-Éîðê], uninhibited [íå îãðàíè÷åííûé çàïðåòàìè],

8.

Skyscrapers [íåáîñêðåáû], business [áèçíåñ], uninhibited [íå îãðàíè÷åííûé

8.

Skyscrapers [ íåáîñêðåáû ], business [ áèçíåñ ] (10%).

129

1992

1995

1998

 

great / large [âåëèêèé/áîëüøîé],

loud [ãðîìêèé] (8%).

 

çàïðåòàìè],

baseball [ áåéñáîë ] (9%).

 

 

9.

Kind [ äîáðûé ],

domineering [ ãîñïîäñòâóþùèé ] (7%).

9.

White House [ Áåëûé Äîì ], cowboys [ êîâáîè ], Disn åó l and [« Äèñíåéëåíä »] (8%)

9.

George Washington [ Äæîðäæ Âàøèíãòîí ],

friendly [ äðóæåëþáíûé ],

dollars [ äîëëàðû ],

hamburgers [ ãàìáóðãåðû ],

Ñîñî-Ñî la [êîêà-êîëà] (8,5%).

10.

White House [Áåëûé Äîì],

independence [íåçàâèñèìîñòü],

comfort [êîìôîðò],

supermarket [ ñóïåðìàðêåò ],

health [ çäîðîâüå ],

hospitable [ ãîñòåïðèèìíûé ] (6%).

10.

Talkative [ ðàçãîâîð÷èâûé ],

drugs [ íàðêîòèêè ] (6%).

10.

White House [ Áåëûé Äîì ] baseball [ áåéñáîë ], basketball [ áàñêåòáîë ], Disney and Disneyland [ Äèñíåé è « Äèñíåéëåíä »] (6,5%).

Ðîññèÿ:

1992

1995

1998

1.

Great [âåëèêèé],

vast [îãðîìíûé],

huge [ãðîìàäíûé],

larg e [áîëüøîé]

(26%).

1.

Red Square [Êðàñíàÿ ïëîùàäü] (31%).

1.

Poverty [áåäíîñòü] (35%).

2.

Motherland [ðîäèíà],

patriotism [ïàòðèîòèçì] (24%)

2.

Moscow [ Ìîñêâà ] (29%).

2.

Moscow [ Ìîñêâà ] (32%).

3.

Culture [êóëüòóðà],

history [èñòîðèÿ],

mess [áåñïîðÿäîê]

chaos [õàîñ],

vodka [âîäêà] (23%).

3.

Kremlin [Êðåìëü] (27%).

3.

Soul [äóøà],

vodka [âîäêà]

(20%).

4.

Mysterious [çàãàäî÷íûé], strange [ñòðàííûé], soul [äóøà] (18%).

4.

Vodka [ âîäêà ] (20%).

4.

Birch-trees [ áåðåçû ] (18%).

5.

Íîòå [äîì], mother [ìàòü], friends [äðóçüÿ] (15%).

5.

Hospitable [ãîñòåïðèèìíûé] (16%).

5.

Kremlin [Êðåìëü],

Pushkin [Ïóøêèí] (16%).

130

1992

1995

199 8

6.

Moscow [Ìîñêâà], Orthodox Church [ïðàâîñëàâíàÿ öåðêîâü] (13%).

á .

Winter [ çèìà ] (14%).

6.

Rouble [ ðóáëü ], caviar [ èêðà ], crisis [ êðèçèñ ] (15%).

7.

Dirty [ ãðÿçíûé ], grey [ ñåðûé ] (12%).

7.

Churches [ öåðêâè ], beautiful nature [ êðàñèâàÿ ïðèðîäà ] (10%).

7.

Winter [ çèìà ], snow [ ñíåã ] (14%).

8.

Kremlin [Êðåìëü] (10%).

8.

MSU ( Moscow State University ) [ÌÃÓ (Ìîñêîâñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò] (9%).

8.

Motherland [ðîäèíà], culture [êóëüòóðà] (12%).

9.

Poor [áåäíûé], hope [íàäåæäà], potentials [áîëüøîé ïîòåíöèàë], great future [âåëèêîå áóäóùåå] (9%).

9.

Boris Yeltsin [Áîðèñ Åëüöèí], forests [ëåñà], Lenin [Ëåíèí] (7%).

9.

Mafia [ìàôèÿ], ïî good roads [áåçäîðîæüå], songs [ïåñíè], puzzling [çàãàäî÷íûé], unpredictable [íåïðåäñêàçóåìûé] (10%).

10.

Red Square [Êðàñíàÿ ïëîùàäü], gentle [ìÿãêèé], kind [äîáðûé], crisis

[êðèçèñ], fools [äóðàêè], stupid [ãëóïûé] (7%).

10.

New Russians [ íîâûå ðóññêèå ], home [ äîì ], great persons [ âåëèêèå

ëþäè ], dirty streets [ ãðÿçíûå óëèöû ] (6%).

10.

Villages [ äåðåâíè ], chastushkas [ ÷àñòóøêè ] (8%).

Ñîïîñòàâèì ñïèñêè íàèáîëåå ÷àñòîòíûõ ñëîâ çà ïåðèîä 1992-1998 ãîäîâ.  êóëüòóðíîé è ÿçûêîâîé êàðòèíàõ Ñîåäèíåííûõ Øòàòîâ Àìåðèêè ó ñòóäåíòîâ ÌÃÓ âî âñåõ òðåõ ñëó÷àÿõ â ñîñòàâ ñàìûõ ÷àñòîòíûõ ñëîâ âîøëè: smile [óëûáêà], New York [Íüþ-Éîðê], State of Liberty [ñòàòóÿ Ñâîáîäû], Hollywood [Ãîëëèâóä], freedom [ñâîáîäà], skyscrapers [íåáîñêðåáû], dollar [äîëëàð], White House [Áåëûé Äîì].

 1998 ãîäó óòðàòèëè ÷àñòîòíîñòü óïîòðåáëåíèÿ ñëîâà, ïðèñóòñòâóþùèå èëè â îáîèõ ñïèñêàõ (1992 è 1995 ãîäîâ): rich [áîãàòûé], uninhibited [íå îãðàíè÷åííûé çàïðåòàìè], business [áèçíåñ], èëè â îäíîì èç íèõ: cowboys [êîâáîè], talkative [ðàçãîâîð÷èâûé], cars [ìàøèíû], pragmatism [ïðàãìàòèçì], cheerful [áîäðûé], great / large [âåëèêèé/ áîëüøîé], loud [ãðîìêèé], supermarket [ñóïåðìàðêåò], comfort [êîìôîðò], independence [íåçàâèñèìîñòü], health [çäîðîâüå], hospitable [ãîñòåïðèèìíûé]. Ïî äàííûì îïðîñà 1998 ãîäà, â ÷èñëî íàèáîëåå ÷àñòîòíûõ âïåðâûå âîøëè Coca - Cola [êîêà-êîëà], hamburgers [ãàìáóðãåðû], basketball [áàñêåòáîë].

Ïðåäñòàâëåíèå òåõ æå ñòóäåíòîâ î ñâîåé ñòðàíå è ñâîåì íàðîäå äàåò äðóãóþ êàðòèíó. Âî âñå òðè ñïèñêà íàèáîëåå ÷àñòîòíûõ ñëîâ âîøëè Moscow [Ìîñêâà], Kremlin [Êðåìëü], vodka [âîäêà].  ñïèñêàõ 1992 è 1995 ãîäîâ ïîâòîðèëèñü ñëîâà Red Square [Êðàñíàÿ ïëîùàäü], home [äîì].  ñïèñêàõ 1995 è 1998 ãîäîâ ïîâòîðèëîñü ñëîâî winter [çèìà].  1992 è 1998 ãîäàõ ïîâòîðèëèñü ñëîâà soul [äóøà], motherland [ðîäèíà], culture [êóëüòóðà], poor / poverty [áåäíûé/áåäíîñòü], crisis [êðèçèñ].

131

Íàêîíåö, â 1998 ãîäó ÷åìïèîíîì ïî ÷àñòîòíîñòè ïðè ñîçäàíèè êàðòèíû Ðîññèè îêàçàëîñü ñëîâî poverty [áåäíîñòü] (ñð.: â 1992 ãîäó poor [áåäíûé] íà ïîñëåäíåì ìåñòå). Âïåðâûå â 1998 ãîäó ïîÿâèëèñü â êà÷åñòâå íàèáîëåå ÷àñòîòíûõ birch - trees [áåðåçû], Pushkin [Ïóøêèí], rouble [ðóáëü], caviar [èêðà], ò afi à [ìàôèÿ], ïî good roads [áåçäîðîæüå], songs [ïåñíè], puzzling [çàãàäî÷íûé], unpredictable [íåïðåäñêàçóåìûé], villages [äåðåâíè], chastushkas [÷àñòóøêè].

Ïî-âèäèìîìó, âåñüìà ïîêàçàòåëåí òîò ôàêò, ÷òî â 1995 è 1998 ãîäàõ ñîâïàëî òîëüêî ñëîâî winter [çèìà], à â 1992 è 1998 (â íà÷àëå íîâîé æèçíè Ðîññèè è â ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû) ñîâïàëè, òî åñòü âåðíóëèñü êàê íàèáîëåå ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿþùèåñÿ, ñëîâà, îïèñûâàþùèå ïîëîæåíèå íàøåé ñòðàíû ( poor / poverty [áåäíûé/áåäíîñòü], crisis [êðèçèñ]) è ïîä÷åðêèâàþùèå ïðåäàííîñòü åé è åå äîñòîèíñòâà: motherland [ðîäèíà], culture [êóëüòóðà], soul [äóøà].


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