Áèáëèîòåêà
Òåîëîãèÿ
ÊîíôåññèèÈíîñòðàííûå ÿçûêèÄðóãèå ïðîåêòû |
Òåð-Ìèíàñîâà Ñ. ßçûê è ìåæêóëüòóðíàÿ êîììóíèêàöèÿÎÃËÀÂËÅÍÈÅ×àñòü I. ßçûê êàê çåðêàëî êóëüòóðû§ 5. Ðóññêèå ñòóäåíòû îá Àìåðèêå è Ðîññèè: èçìåíåíèÿ â êóëüòóðíîé è ÿçûêîâîé êàðòèíàõ ìèðà â 1992-1999 ãîäàõÒà ÷àñòü êóëüòóðíîé è, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, ÿçûêîâîé êàðòèíû ìèðà, íà êîòîðîé «èçîáðàæåíû» äðóãèå ñòðàíû è äðóãèå íàðîäû, ñîçäàåòñÿ ïîä ñèëüíûì âîçäåéñòâèåì ñòåðåîòèïîâ, â ôîðìèðîâàíèè êîòîðûõ ó÷àñòâóþò ðàçëè÷íûå ôàêòîðû (ïîäðîáíåå î ñòåðåîòèïàõ ñì.: ÷. II , ãë. 1, § 1). Ñòåðåîòèïû, êàê èçâåñòíî, îáëàäàþò âûñîêîé ñòåïåíüþ óñòîé÷èâîñòè, îäíàêî ïåðåìåíû â ñîöèàëüíîé æèçíè Ðîññèè â 90-å ãîäû XX âåêà áûëè íàñòîëüêî ðàäèêàëüíû, ÷òî ïîòðÿñëè è ïåðåâåðíóëè ïðèâû÷íûå ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ.  ýòîì ïëàíå âåñüìà ïîêàçàòåëüíû ðåçóëüòàòû ïðîñòîãî ëèíãâîêóëüòóðîëîãè÷åñêîãî ýêñïåðèìåíòà, êîòîðûé ðåãóëÿðíî ïðîâîäèòñÿ àâòîðîì ýòîé ðàáîòû íà÷èíàÿ ñ 1992 ãîäà. Ñóòü åãî çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â ñëåäóþùåì. Ñòóäåíòû I êóðñà ôàêóëüòåòà èíîñòðàííûõ ÿçûêîâ ÌÃÓ, ïî ìîåé ïðîñüáå, çàïèñûâàþò ïåðâûå ïÿòü ñëîâ, êîòîðûå ïðèõîäÿò íà óì, êîãäà ðå÷ü èäåò: 1) îá Àìåðèêå è àìåðèêàíöàõ, 2) î Ðîññèè è ðóññêèõ.  ïåðâîì ýêñïåðèìåíòå ïðèíÿëè ó÷àñòèå îêîëî 200 ÷åëîâåê â âîçðàñòå 16-23 ëåò. Ýòè ìîëîäûå ëþäè ôîðìèðîâàëèñü óæå â ïåðèîä ïåðåñòðîéêè. Ýòî îçíà÷àåò, ÷òî, â îòëè÷èå îò ñâîèõ ïðåäøåñòâåííèêîâ, êîòîðûå ñëûøàëè è ÷èòàëè òîëüêî ïëîõîå îá Àìåðèêå êàê «ïîòåíöèàëüíîì ïðîòèâíèêå» (ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, è àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê èçó÷àëñÿ êàê «ÿçûê ïîòåíöèàëüíîãî ïðîòèâíèêà») è òîëüêî õîðîøåå î ñâîåé ñòðàíå — Ñîâåòñêîì Ñîþçå, ýòè ñòóäåíòû, íàîáîðîò, ðîñëè ñ ìíåíèåì, íàâÿçàííîì èì ñðåäñòâàìè ìàññîâîé èíôîðìàöèè, êîòîðîå ìîæåò áûòü ñóììèðîâàíî òàê: â Àìåðèêå âñå ïðåêðàñíî — ó íàñ âñå îòâðàòèòåëüíî. Ðåçóëüòàòû ýòîãî ïåðâîãî — 1992 ãîäà — îïðîñà áûëè â íåêîòîðûõ îòíîøåíèÿõ îøåëîìèòåëüíûìè. Òàê, àáñîëþòíûì ÷åìïèîíîì ïî ÷àñòîòíîñòè óïîòðåáëåíèÿ íåîæèäàííî îêàçàëîñü ñëîâî smile 'óëûáêà'. Èìåííî óëûáàþùèìèñÿ (è, ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ñ÷àñòëèâûìè) ïðåäñòàâëÿëè ñåáå àìåðèêàíöåâ ìîëîäûå ðóññêèå â 1992 ãîäó, êîãäà Ðîññèÿ, ïîòåðÿâ Ñîâåòñêèé Ñîþç, âñòóïèëà â ìèðîâîå ñîîáùåñòâî â íîâîì ñòàòóñå, íà íîâûõ óñëîâèÿõ. Êóëüòóðíàÿ è ÿçûêîâàÿ êàðòèíû Àìåðèêè â îïûòå ðîññèéñêèõ ñòóäåíòîâ, èçó÷àþùèõ àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê, áûëè ïðåäñòàâëåíû òàêèì îáðàçîì. 1. Ïåðâûå äåñÿòü ìåñò çàíÿëè ñëåäóþùèå ñëîâà, ðàñïîëîæåííûå â ïîðÿäêå óáûâàíèÿ ÷àñòîòíîñòè (ñëîâà ïîä îäíèì íîìåðîì, èìåþò îäèíàêîâóþ ÷àñòîòíîñòü): 1. Smile [óëûáêà] (27%). 2. Freedom [ñâîáîäà] (20%). 112 3. Rich [áîãàòûé], m îïåó [äåíüãè] (13%). 4. Skyscraper [íåáîñêðåá] (12%). 5. Business [á u çí ec ], Hollywood [Ãîëëèâóä], Statu å of Liberty [ñòàòóÿ Ñâîáîäû] (11%). 6. Cars [ìàøèíû], pragmatism [ïðàãìàòèçì] (10%). 7. Dollar [ äîëëàð ], President [ ïðåçèäåíò ], friendly [ äðóæåñêèé ], cheerful [ âåñåëûé ] (9%). 8. New York [ Íüþ - Éîðê ], uninhibited [ íå îãðàíè÷åííûé çàïðåòàìè ], great / large [ âåëèêèé / áîëüøîé ], loud [ ãðîìêèé ] (8%). 9. Kind [äîáðûé], domineering [ãîñïîäñòâóþùèé, äîìèíèðóþùèé] (7%). 10. White House [Áåëûé Äîì], independence [íåçàâèñèìîñòü], comfort [êîìôîðò], supermarket [ñóïåðìàðêåò], health [çäîðîâüå], hospitable [ãîñòåïðèèìíûé] (6%). Ïîëó÷åííûå äàííûå ðàñïðåäåëèëèñü ïî ñëåäóþùèì òåìàòè÷åñêèì ãðóïïàì. 2. ×åðòû õàðàêòåðà àìåðèêàíöåâ: 1. Smiling [óëûá÷èâûé]. 2. Pragmatic [ ïðàãìàòè÷íûé ], business - like [ äåëîâîé ]. 3. Friendly [ äðóæåñêèé ], cheerful [ âåñåëûé ], jayful [ ðàäîñòíûé ]. 4. Uninhibited [íå îãðàíè÷åííûé çàïðåòàìè], loud [ãðîìêèé]. 5. Kind [äîáðûé], domineering [ãîñïîäñòâóþùèé, äîìèíèðóþùèé]. 6. Hospitable [ãîñòåïðèèìíûé], gregarious [ñòàäíûé],50ñ/îÜ/å [îáùèòåëüíûé]. 7. Unceremonious [áåñöåðåìîííûé], unintellectual [íåèíòåëëåêòóàëüíûé], uneducated [íåîáðàçîâàííûé], poorly read [ìàëî íà÷èòàííûé], wonderful [çàìå÷àòåëüíûé], nice [ïðèÿòíûé]. 8. Superficial [ïîâåðõíîñòíûé], self - confident [óâåðåííûé â ñåáå], boastful [õâàñòëèâûé], energetic [ýíåðãè÷íûé], interesting [èíòåðåñíûé]. 9. Strange [ñòðàííûé], different [îòëè÷àþùèéñÿ], crazy [ñóìàñøåäøèé], like Russians [ïîõîæèé íà ðóññêèõ], hard working [òðóäîëþáèâûé], patriotic [ïàòðèîòè÷íûé], family - loving [ëþáÿùèé ñåìüþ], naive [íàèâíûé], childish [äåòñêèé]. 10. Brave [ñìåëûé], open [îòêðûòûé], health - concerned / obsessed [çàáîòÿùèéñÿ î çäîðîâüå], travel - minded [ëþáÿùèé ïóòåøåñòâîâàòü], scientific [íàó÷íûé], logical [ëîãè÷íûé], insincere [íåèñêðåííèé], cruel / merciless [æåñòîêèé/áåñïîùàäíûé], fat [òîëñòûé], greedy [æàäíûé], self - indulgent [ñíèñõîäèòåëüíûé], bright [óìíûé]. 3. Ñîâðåìåííàÿ æèçíü â ÑØÀ: 1. Freedom [ñâîáîäà]. 2. Wealth [áîãàòñòâî], money [äåíüãè]. 3. Business [áèçíåñ]. 4. Cars [ìàøèíû]. 5. Dollar [äîëëàð], President [ïðåçèäåíò]. 113 6. Independence [íåçàâèñèìîñòü], supermarket [ñóïåðìàðêåò], chewing - gum [æåâàòåëüíàÿ ðåçèíêà]. 7. Power [ ñèëà ], democracy [ äåìîêðàòèÿ ], advertisements [ ðåêëàìû ]. 8. Justice [ ñïðàâåäëèâîñòü ], prosperity [ ïðîöâåòàíèå ], immigrants [ èììèãðàíòû ], elections [ âûáîðû ], universities [ óíèâåðñèòåòû ], popcorn [ ïîï - êîðí ], Big Mac [ Áèã Ìàê ], Ñîñî - Ñî la [ êîêà - êîëà ]. 9. Job [ ðàáîòà ], houses [ äîìà ], music [ ìóçûêà ], contrasts [ êîíòðàñòû ], native Americans [ àìåðèêàíöû , ðîäèâøèåñÿ â Àìåðèêå ], farmers [ ôåðìåðû ], hamburger [ ãàìáóðãåð ], beer [ ïèâî ], orange juice [ àïåëüñèíîâûé ñîê ], home video [ äîìàøíåå âèäåî ]. W . Banjo [áàíäæî], suburbs [ãîðîäñêèå îêðàèíû, ïðèãîðîäû]. 4. Ïðèðîäà, ïåéçàæ: 1. Skyscrapers [íåáîñêðåáû]. 2. Ocean [îêåàí]. 3. World [ ìèð ]. 4. Highways [ øîññå ], motorways [ àâòîñòðàäû ]. 5. National parks [íàöèîíàëüíûå ïàðêè]. 5. Ñîáñòâåííûå èìåíà: 1. Hollywood [ Ãîëëèâóä ], Statue of Liberty [ ñòàòóÿ Ñâîáîäû ]. 2. New York [ Íüþ - Éîðê ]. 3. White House [ Áåëûé Äîì ]. 4. Disneyland [« Äèñíåéëåíä »], Washington [ Âàøèíãòîí ]. 5. Los Angeles [ Ëîñ - Àíäæåëåñ ], California [ Êàëèôîðíèÿ ]. 6. San Francisco [ Ñàí - Ôðàíöèñêî ], Marlboro [« Ìàëüáîðî »], Colorado [ Êîëîðàäî ]. 7. Boston [Áîñòîí], Pentagon [Ïåíòàãîí], Broadway [Áðîäâåé], Harlem [Ãàðëåì]. 8. Centra / Park [Öåíòðàëüíûé ïàðê], Long Island [Ëîíã-Àéëåíä], Yale University [Éåëüñêèé óíèâåðñèòåò]. 9. McDonald ' s [Ìàêäîíàëüäñ], Bush [Áóø], Mark Twain [Ìàðê Òâåí]. 10. Clinton [Êëèíòîí], Î'Íå nr ó [Î'Ãåíðè], Hemingway [Õåìèíãóýé], Harvard University [Ãàðâàðäñêèé óíèâåðñèòåò]. 11. Salinger [Ñýëèíäæåð], Chicago Bulls [«×èêàãî Áóëëç»], MTV [ÝìÒèÂè], Bruce Springsteen [Áðþñ Ñïðèíãñòèí], NBA [ÍÁÀ], Michael Jackson [Ìàéêë Äæåêñîí]. 12. Monroe [Ìîíðî], Jane Fonda [Äæåéí Ôîíäà], New York Rangers [«Íüþ-Éîðê ðýíäæåðç»]. Èòàê, ÿçûêîâàÿ è êóëüòóðíàÿ êàðòèíû àìåðèêàíñêîãî ìèðà, èìåþùèåñÿ ó ðóññêèõ ñòóäåíòîâ è îñíîâàííûå ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì íà èíôîðìàöèè, ïîëó÷åííîé èç ïðåññû, ðàäèî è òåëåâèäåíèÿ, âïîëíå êîìïëè- 114 ìåíòàðíû (ðîìàíòè÷íû, èäåàëèñòè÷íû) ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê Àìåðèêå. ÑØÀ êàê ãîñóäàðñòâî áîãàòû, ñâîáîäíû, ìîãóùåñòâåííû, íåçàâèñèìû è äåìîêðàòè÷íû. Àìåðèêàíöû — ëþäè äðóæåëþáíûå, äåëîâûå, ïðàãìàòè÷íûå, äîáðûå, ùåäðûå, áîäðûå, ðàñêîâàííûå, áåñöåðåìîííûå, îòêðûòûå, íàèâíûå è ò. ï. Èíòåðåñíî, ÷òî êðèòè÷åñêèå çàìå÷àíèÿ ïðèøëè â îñíîâíîì îò òåõ, êòî ïîáûâàë â Àìåðèêå (îäíà äåâóøêà íàïèñàëà îãîð÷åííî: «Äîìà ó íèõ òàêèå áîãàòûå, íî òàì ñîâñåì íåò êíèã...»). Ñòîëêíîâåíèå ñ ðåàëüíîñòüþ ïîñëå âîñòîðæåííûõ îöåíîê â ñðåäñòâàõ ìàññîâîé èíôîðìàöèè ïðèâîäèò ê ðàçî÷àðîâàíèþ.  êàêîì-òî ñìûñëå êðèòè÷åñêîå îòíîøåíèå ê Àìåðèêå â ñîâåòñêèõ îôèöèàëüíûõ èçäàíèÿõ áûëî ïîëåçíåå àìåðèêàíöàì: íåäîâåðèå íàðîäà ê îôèöèàëüíîé, ïðàâèòåëüñòâåííîé òî÷êå çðåíèÿ èìåëî îáðàòíûé, òî åñòü ïîëîæèòåëüíûé, ýôôåêò. È íàîáîðîò, íåóìåðåííûå ïîõâàëû â àäðåñ àìåðèêàíöåâ, ñòîëü òèïè÷íûå äëÿ ïåðâûõ ëåò ïåðåñòðîéêè, ïîâðåäèëè èì â îáùåñòâåííîì ìíåíèè ðóññêèõ. Òî÷íî òàêîé æå ýêñïåðèìåíò ñ òåìè æå ó÷àñòíèêàìè áûë ïðîâåäåí è â îòíîøåíèè Ðîññèè è ðóññêèõ. Âîò åãî ðåçóëüòàòû. 1. Ïåðâûå äåñÿòü ìåñò ïî ÷àñòîòíîñòè óïîòðåáëåíèÿ çàíÿëè ñëåäóþùèå ñëîâà: 1. Great [âåëèêèé], vast [îáøèðíûé], huge [ãðîìàäíûé], large [áîëüøîé] (26%). 2. Motherland [ ðîäèíà ], patriotism [ ïàòðèîòèçì ] (24%). 3. Culture [ êóëüòóðà ], history [ èñòîðèÿ ], mess [ áåñïîðÿäîê ], chaos [ õàîñ ], vodka [ âîäêà ] (23%). 4. Mysterious [ çàãàäî÷íûé ], strange [ ñòðàííûé ], soul [ äóøà ] (18%). 5. Íîòå [äîì], mother [ìàòü], friends [äðóçüÿ] (15%). 6. Moscow [Ìîñêâà], Orthodox Church [ïðàâîñëàâíàÿ öåðêîâü] (19%). 7. Dirty [ãðÿçíûé], grey [ñåðûé] (12%). 8. The Kremlin [ Êðåìëü ] (10%). 9. Poor [áåäíûé], hope [íàäåæäà], potentials [áîëüøîé ïîòåíöèàë], great future [âåëèêîå áóäóùåå] (9%). 10. Red Square [Êðàñíàÿ ïëîùàäü], gentle [íåæíûé], kind [äîáðûé], crisis [êðèçèñ], fools [äóðàêè], stupid [ãëóïûé] (7%). 2. ×åðòû õàðàêòåðà ðóññêèõ: 1. Friendly [ äðóæåñêèé ], intelligent [ óìíûé ]. 2. Gentle [ íåæíûé ], kind [ äîáðûé ], foolish [ ãëóïîâàòûé ], stupid [ ãëóïûé ]. 3. Rude [ ãðóáûé ], gloomy [ ìðà÷íûé ], talkative [ ðàçãîâîð÷èâûé ], hospitable [ ãîñòåïðèèìíûé ]. 4. Worried [ òðåâîæíûé ], sad [ ãðóñòíûé ], unhappy [ ðàññòðîåííûé ], serious [ ñåðüåçíûé ], patient [ òåðïåëèâûé ], resourceful [ ñ áîëüøèìè âîçìîæíîñòÿìè ]. 5. Healthy [ çäîðîâûé ], beautiful [ êðàñèâûé ], charitable [ äîáðîæåëàòåëüíûé ]. 6. Sense of humour [ ÷óâñòâî þìîðà ], cheerful [ âåñåëûé ], unsmiling [ íåóëûá÷èâûé ]. 115 7. Big and strong [áîëüøîé è ñèëüíûé], powerful [ìîãóùåñòâåííûé], wicked [çëîáíûé], crooks [æóëèêè]. 8. Trustful [äîâåð÷èâûé], deep [ãëóáîêèé], coarse [ãðóáûé], dull [óíûëûé], brave [ñìåëûé], nice [ìèëûé], generous [ùåäðûé]. 9. Wonderful [ïðåêðàñíûé], reckless [áåçðàññóäíûé], interesting [èíòåðåñíûé]. 3. Ñîâðåìåííàÿ æèçíü â Ðîññèè: 1. Mess [áåñïîðÿäîê], chaos [õàîñ], vodka [âîäêà]. 2. Poverty [áåäíîñòü], lines ( queues ) [î÷åðåäè], Ëîðå [íàäåæäà]. 3. Crisis [êðèçèñ]. 4. Market [ðûíîê], communism [êîììóíèçì], civil war [ãðàæäàíñêàÿ âîéíà]. 5. Inflation [èíôëÿöèÿ], instability [íåñòàáèëüíîñòü], difficulties [çàòðóäíåíèÿ], masochism [ìàçîõèçì], children [äåòè]. 6. Violence [íàñèëèå], democrats [äåìîêðàòû], pension [ïåíñèÿ], food [åäà], President [ïðåçèäåíò], parliament [ïàðëàìåíò], rouble [ðóáëü]. 7. Begging army [àðìèÿ ïîïðîøàåê], three - colour flag [òðåõöâåòíûé ôëàã]. 8. Survival [âûæèâàíèå], debates [äåáàòû], trolley - buses [òðîëëåéáóñû]. 4. Ïðèðîäà, ïåéçàæ: 1. Roads [äîðîãè]. 2. Forest [ ëåñ ]. 3. Birch - trees [ áåðåçû ]. 4. Steppe [ ñòåïü ]. 5. Villages [ äåðåâíè ]. 6. Rivers [ ðåêè ]. 7. Big cemeteries [ áîëüøèå êëàäáèùà ]. 5. Ñîáñòâåííûå èìåíà: 1. Moscow [Ìîñêâà]. 2. The Kremlin [ Êðåìëü ]. 3. Red Square [Êðàñíàÿ ïëîùàäü]. 4. Moscow State University [Ìîñêîâñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò]. 5. Ivan [Èâàí], Leningrad [Ëåíèíãðàä], Tchaikovsky [×àéêîâñêèé], Dostoevsky [Äîñòîåâñêèé], Siberia [Ñèáèðü], Yeltsin [Åëüöèí], Gorbachev [Ãîðáà÷åâ]. 6. St . Petersburg [Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðã], Arbat [Àðáàò], Bolshoi Theatre [Áîëüøîé Tea ò p ], St . Basil ' s Cathedral [ñîáîð Âàñèëèÿ Áëàæåííîãî]. 7. The Volga [Âîëãà], Pushkin [Ïóøêèí], Lenin [Ëåíèí]. 8. Suvorov [Ñóâîðîâ], Dmitry Donskoy [Äìèòðèé Äîíñêîé], Moscow suburbs [Ïîäìîñêîâüå, ìîñêîâñêèå îêðàèíû]. 116  1995 ãîäó ýòîò ýêñïåðèìåíò áûë ïîâòîðåí â òåõ æå óñëîâèÿõ, ñ òåì æå êîëè÷åñòâîì ó÷àñòíèêîâ, ñòóäåíòîâ I êóðñà ôàêóëüòåòà èíîñòðàííûõ ÿçûêîâ ÌÃÓ. 1. Ïåðâûå äåñÿòü ìåñò çàíÿëè ñëåäóþùèå íàèáîëåå óïîòðåáèòåëüíûå ñëîâà îá Àìåðèêå è àìåðèêàíöàõ: 199 2 (äëÿ ñðàâíåíèÿ) 199 5 1. Smile [óëûáêà] (27%). 1. Hollywood [Ãîëëèâóä] (26%). 2.
Freedom [ñâîáîäà] (20%).
2. Statue of Liberty [ ñòàòóÿ Ñâîáîäû ] (21%). 3.
Rich [áîãàòûé], money [äåíüãè] (13%). 3.
Smile [óëûáêà] (19%).
4. : Skyscrapers [íåáîñêðåáû] (12%). 4. New York [ Íüþ - Éîðê ] (16%). 5. Business [ áèçíåñ ], Hollywood 5. Dollar [ äîëëàð ],
[ Ãîëëèâóä ], Statue of Liberty
McDonald ' s [Ìàêäîíàëüäñ]
[ñòàòóÿ Ñâîáîäû] (11%).
(13%). 6. Cars [ ìàøèíû ], pragmatism 6. Bill Clinton [ Áèëë Êëèíòîí ]
[ ïðàãìàòèçì ] (10%).
(11%). 7. Dollar [ äîëëàð ], President [ ïðå - 7. Freedom [ñâîáîäà],
çèäåíò], friendly [äðóæåñêèé],
Washington [Âàøèíãòîí],
cheerful [ðàäîñòíûé] (9%).
rich [áîãàòûé] (10%). 8. New York [ Íüþ - Éîðê ], 8. Skyscrapers [íåáîñêðåáû],
uninhibited [íå îãðàíè÷åííûé
business [áèçíåñ],
çàïðåòàìè], great / large
uninhibited [íå îãðàíè÷åííûé
[âåëèêèé/áîëüøîé], loud
çàïðåòàìè], baseball
[ãðîìêèé] (8%).
[ áåéñáîë ] (9%). 9. Kind [ äîáðûé ], domineering 9. White House [Áåëûé Äîì],
[ãîñïîäñòâóþùèé] (7%).
cowboys [ êîâáîè ], Disneyland
[«Äèñíåéëåíä»] (8%). 10. White House [Áåëûé Äîì], 10. Talkative [ðàçãîâîð÷èâûé],
independence [íåçàâèñèìîñòü],
drugs [íàðêîòèêè] (6%).
comfort [êîìôîðò],
supermarket [ ñóïåðìàðêåò ],
health [ çäîðîâüå ], hospitable
[ãîñòåïðèèìíûé] (6%).
Áîëüøèíñòâî ñëîâ â ýòèõ äâóõ ñïèñêàõ ñîâïàäàþò, íî òå, êîòîðûå ðàçëè÷àþòñÿ, êàê ðàç è ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò î ñîöèîêóëüòóðíûõ èçìåíåíèÿõ êàê â æèçíè Ðîññèè, òàê è â ñîçíàíèè åå æèòåëåé.  ðàçðÿä íàèáîëåå ÷àñòîòíûõ, ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ 1992 ãîäîì, ïåðåøëè ñëîâà McDonald ' s [Ìàêäîíàëüäñ], Bill Clinton [Áèëë Êëèíòîí], Washington [Âàøèíãòîí], baseball [áåéñáîë], cowboys [êîâáîè], Disneyland [«Äèñíåéëåíä»], talkative [ðàçãîâîð÷èâûé], drugs [íàðêîòèêè]. Ìàêäîíàëüäñ, áåéñáîë, íàðêîòèêè êàê ñîöèàëüíûå ÿâëåíèÿ âñå áîëüøå îñâàèâàþòñÿ â ðîñ- 117 ñèéñêîé äåéñòâèòåëüíîñòè, ïîýòîìó óïîòðåáèòåëüíîñòü ýòèõ ñëîâ â ðå÷è ðåçêî âîçðàñòàåò. Íàîáîðîò, óòðàòèëè ÷àñòîòíîñòü óïîòðåáëåíèÿ ñëîâà cars [ìàøèíû], pragmatism [ïðàãìàòèçì], friendly [äðóæåñêèé], cheerful [ðàäîñòíûé], great / large [âåëèêèé/áîëüøîé], loud [ãðîìêèé], kind [äîáðûé], domineering [ãîñïîäñòâóþùèé], comfort [êîìôîðò], supermarket [ñóïåðìàðêåò], health [çäîðîâüå], hospitable [ãîñòåïðèèìíûé], independence [íåçàâèñèìîñòü]. Ýòè èçìåíåíèÿ ëåãêî îáúÿñíèìû: îíè ðåçóëüòàò ïåðåìåí â ñîöèîêóëüòóðíîé æèçíè íàøåé ñòðàíû. Äåéñòâèòåëüíî, ÷èñëî ìàøèí èíîñòðàííûõ ìàðîê è ñóïåðìàðêåòîâ (ñëîâî çàèìñòâîâàíî âìåñòå ñ ðåàëèåé) óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ â Ìîñêâå áóêâàëüíî êàæäûé äåíü è ñòàíîâèòñÿ âñå áîëåå õàðàêòåðíîé ÷åðòîé íàøåé æèçíè. Ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, îíè âñå ìåíüøå àññîöèèðóþòñÿ ñ Çàïàäîì âîîáùå è Àìåðèêîé â ÷àñòíîñòè. Ïðàãìàòèçì òàêæå ñòàíîâèòñÿ âïîëíå ðîññèéñêèì (à âåðíåå, ìîñêîâñêèì) ïðèçíàêîì. Ñîêðàòèëîñü òàêæå êîëè÷åñòâî è èçìåíèëîñü êà÷åñòâî õàðàêòåðíûõ ÷åðò, ïðèïèñûâàåìûõ ðóññêèìè àìåðèêàíöàì. Äàëüíåéøèå ðåçóëüòàòû îïðîñà 1995 ãîäà ñëåäóþùèå: 2. ×åðòû õàðàêòåðà àìåðèêàíöåâ:1992 (äëÿ ñðàâíåíèÿ) 1995 1. Smiling [óëûá÷èâûé]. 1. Smile [óëûáêà]. 2. Pragmatic [ïðàãìàòè÷íûé], 2. Uninhibited [íå îãðàíè÷åí-
business-like [ äåëîâîé ].
íûé çàïðåòàìè]. 3. Friendly [äðóæåñêèé], cheerful 3. Talkative [ðàçãîâîð÷èâûé].
[ðàäîñòíûé], joyful [âåñåëûé].
4. Uninhibited [íå îãðàíè÷åííûé 4. Easy - going [îáùèòåëüíûé].
çàïðåòàìè], loud [ãðîìêèé].
5. Kind [ äîáðûé ], domineering 5. Crazy [ ñóìàñøåäøèé ], noisy
[ãîñïîäñòâóþùèé].
[øóìíûé], energetic [ýíåðãè÷-
íûé], sociable [îáùèòåëüíûé],
optimistic [îïòèìèñòè÷íûé],
open people [èñêðåííèå ëþäè],
punctual [ïóíêòóàëüíûé],
cheerful [ âåñåëûé ]. 6. Hospitable [ ãîñòåïðèèìíûé ], 6. Proud [ ãîðäûé ], hardworking
gregarious [ ñòàäíûé ], sociable
[òðóäîëþáèâûé], enterprising
[îáùèòåëüíûé].
[ïðåäïðèèì÷èâûé],
straightforward [ïðÿìîé],
patriotic [ ïàòðèîòè÷íûé ]. 7. Unceremonious [ áåñöåðåìîí - 7. Lazy [ëåíèâûé], loud
íûé ], unintellectual [ íåèíòåë -
[ãðîìêèé].
ëåêòóàëüíûé], uneducated [íå-
îáðàçîâàííûé], poorly read [ìà-
ëî íà÷èòàííûé], wonderful [çà-
ìå÷àòåëüíûé], nice [ïðèÿòíûé].
118 8.
Superficial [ïîâåðõíîñòíûé], self confident [óâåðåííûé â ñåáå]. boastful [õâàñòëèâûé], energetic [ýíåðãè÷íûé], interesting [èíòåðåñíûé]. 8.
Vulgar [âóëüãàðíûé], relaxed [ðàññëàáëåííûé].
9. Strange [ñòðàííûé], different [îòëè ÷àþùèéñÿ], crazy [ñóìàñøåäøèé]. like Russians [ïîõîæèé íà ðóññêèõ], hard working [ìíîãî ðàáîòàþùèé], patriotic [ ïàòðèîòè÷íûé ], family - loving [ ëþáÿùèé ñåìüþ ], naive [íàèâíûé], childish [äåòñêèé]. 9. Smart [óìíûé].
10. Cold [õîëîäíûé]. 10. Brave [ñìåëûé], îðå n [îòêðûòûé, èñêðåííèé], healthconcerned / obsessed [çàáîòÿùèéñÿ î çäîðîâüå], travelminded [ëþáÿùèé ïóòåøåñòâî- âàòü ], scientific [ íàó÷íûé ], logical [ëîãè÷íûé], insincere [íåèñêðåííèé], cruel / merciless [æåñòîêèé/áåñïîùàäíûé],/î? [òîëñòûé], greedy [æàäíûé], self - indulgent [ñíèñõîäèòåëüíûé], bright [óìíûé]
3. Ñîâðåìåííàÿ æèçíü â ÑØÀ:1992 (äëÿ ñðàâíåíèÿ) 1995 1. Freedom [ñâîáîäà]. 1. Dollar [äîëëàð]. 2. Wealth [áîãàòñòâî], money [äåíüãè]. 2. Freedom [ ñâîáîäà ]. 3. Business [ áèçíåñ ]. 3. Business [ áèçíåñ ]. 4. Cars [ ìàøèíû ]. 4. Baseball [ áåéñáîë ]. 5. Dollar [ äîëëàð ], President [ ïðåçèäåíò ]. 5. Cowboys [ êîâáîè ]. 6.
Independence [ íåçàâèñèìîñòü ], supermarket [ ñóïåðìàðêåò ]. chewing - gum [ æåâàòåëüíàÿ ðåçèíêà ]. á.
Drugs [íàðêîòèêè].
7.
Power [ ñèëà ], democracy [ äåìîêðàòèÿ ], advertisements [ðåêëàìû].
7.
Fast food [çàáåãàëîâêè ( ôàñò - ôóä )], Coca - Cola [êîêà-êîëà], Halloween [äåíü Âñåõ Ñâÿòûõ], immigrants [ èììèãðàíòû ]. 8.
Justice [ ñïðàâåäëèâîñòü ], prosperity [ ïðîöâåòàíèå ], immigrants [ èììèãðàíòû ], elections [ âûáîðû ], universities [ óíèâåðñèòåòû ], popcorn [ ïîï - êîðí ], Big Mac [ Áèã Ìàê ], Coca - Cola [ êîêà - êîëà ]. 8.
Different nations [ ðàçíûå íàöèè ], hamburgers [ ãàìáóðãåðû ], Indians [ èíäåéöû ], football [ ôóòáîë ], chewing gum [ æåâàòåëüíàÿ ðåçèíêà ], sex - revolution [ ñåêñóàëüíàÿ ðåâîëþöèÿ ] 119 9. Job [pa á o ò a], houses [ äîìà ], music [ ì y çûê a], contrasts [ êîíò pac òû ], native Americans [ àìåðèêàíöû , ðîäèâøèåñÿ â Àìåðèê e ], farmers [ ôåðìåðû ], hamburger [ ãàìáóðãåð ], beer [ ïèâî ], orange juice [ àïåëüñèíîâûé ñîê ], home video [ äîìàøíåå âèäåî ]. 9. Film [ôèëüìû] ðî li ñå [ïîëèöèÿ], wealth [áîãàòñòâî], free enterpise [ñâîáîäíîå ïðåäïðèíèìàòåëüñòâî], dirty streets [ ãðÿçíûå óëèöû ], music [ ìóçûêà ], violence [ íàñèëèå ]. 10. Banjo [ áàíäæî ], suburbs [ãîðîäñêèå îêðàèíû, ïðèãîðîäû]. 10. Sport shoes [ñïîðòèâíàÿ îáóâü], school bus [øêîëüíûé àâòîáóñ], casino [ êàçèíî ], rugby [ ðåãáè ], drivers license from 15, 16 years old [âîäèòåëüñêèå ïðàâà ñ 15-16 ëåò]. 4. Ïðèðîäà, ïåéçàæ:
1992 (äëÿ ñðàâíåíèÿ) 1995 1. Skyscrapers [íåáîñêðåáû]. 1. Skyscrapers [íåáîñêðåáû]. 2. Ocean [îêåàí]. 2. Lakes [îçåðà]. 3. World [ìèð]. 3. Large [áîëüøîé], b å atiful [êðàñèâûé], heat [æàðà]. 4. Highways [ ø occe], motorways [ àâòîñòðàäû ]. 4. Highway [ øîññå ].
5. National parks [ íàöèîíàëüíûå ïàðêè].
5. Ñîáñòâåííûå èìåíà:
1992 (äëÿ ñðàâíåíèÿ) 1995 1. Hollywood [ Ãîëëèâóä ], Statue of Liberty [ ñòàòóÿ Ñâîáîäû ]. 1. Hollywood [ Ãîëëèâóä ]. 2. New York [ Íüþ - Éîðê ].
2. The Statue of Liberty [ ñòàòóÿ Ñâîáîäû ]. 3. White House [ Áåëûé Äîì ]. 3. New York [ Íüþ - Éîðê ], 4. Disneyland [« Äèñíåéëåíä »], Washington [ Âàøèíãòîí ]. 4. McDonald's [ Ìàêäîíàëüäñ ]. 5. Los Angeles [ Ëîñ - Àíäæåëåñ ], California [ Êàëèôîðíèÿ ]. 5. Bill Clinton [ Áèëë Êëèíòîí ]. 6. Son Francisco [ Ñàí - Ôðàíöèñêî ], Marlboro [« Ìàëüáîðî »], Colorado [ Êîëîðàäî ]. 6. Washington [ Âàøèíãòîí ]. 7. Boston [ Áîñòîí ], Pentagon [ Ïåíòàãîí ], Broadway [ Áðîäâåé ], Harlem [ Ãàðëåì ].
7. White House [ Áåëûé Äîì ], Disneyland [« Äèñíåéëåíä »], Marlboro [« Ìàëüáîðî »], Michael Jackson [ Ìàéêë Äæåêñîí ]. 8. Central Park [Öåíòðàëüíûé ïàðê], 8. Harvard [Ãàðâàðä], USA [ÑØÀ], 120
Long Island [ Ëîíã - Àéëåíä ], Yale University [Éåëüñêèé óíèâåðñèòåò].
Harley Davidson [«Õàðëè Äýâèäñîí»].
9. McDonald ' s [Ìàêäîíàëüäñ], Bush [Áóø], Mark Twain [ Ìàðê Òâåí ]. 9.
Broadway [ Áðîäâåé ], Los Ange - les , LA [ Ëîñ - Àíäæåëåñ ], Ontario [Îíòàðèî], Colorado [Êîëîðàäî]. 10. Clinton [Êëèíòîí], O ' Henry [Î'Ãåíðè], Hemingway [Õåìèíãóýé], Harvard University [Ãàðâàðäñêèé óíèâåðñèòåò]. 10.
, Las Vegas [ Ëàñ - Âåãàñ ], Montana State [ øòàò Ìîíòàíà ], Roosevelt [ Ðóçâåëüò ], Denver [ Äåíâåð ], Son Francisco [ Ñàí - Ôðàíöèñêî ], Ford [ Ôîðä ]. 11 Salinger [ Ñýëèíäæåð ], Chicago Bulls [« ×èêàãî Áóëëç »], Ì TV [ ÝìÒèÂè ], Bruce Springsteen [ Áðþñ Ñïðèíãñòèí ], N BA [ ÍÁÀ ], Michael Jackson [ Ìàéêë Äæåêñîí ].
12 Monroe [ Ìîíðî ], Jane Fonda [ Äæåéí Ôîíäà ], New York Rangers [« Íüþ - Éîðê Ðýíäæåðç »].
Ðîññèÿ è ðóññêèå èìåþò ñëåäóþùèé âèä â ÿçûêîâîé è êóëüòóðíîé êà ðòèíàõ ìèðà ðóññêèõ ñòóäåíòîâ:
1. Äåñÿòü íàèáîëåå ÷àñòîòíûõ ñëîâ:1992 (äëÿ ñðàâíåíèÿ) 1995 1. Great [âåëèêèé], rast [îáøèðíûé], huge [ãðîìàäíûé], large [áîëüøîé] (26%). 1.
Red Square [Êðàñíàÿ ïëîùàäü] (31%). 2.
Motherland [ ðîäèíà ], patriotism [ ïàòðèîòèçì ] (24%). 2.
Moscow [ Ìîñêâà ] (29%).
3.
Culture [ êóëüòóðà ], history [ èñ - òîðèÿ], mess [áåñïîðÿäîê], chaos [õàîñ], vodka [âîäêà] (23%). 3.
Kremlin [ Êðåìëü ] (27%).
4.
Mysterious [ çàãàäî÷íûé ], strange [ñòðàííûé], soul [äóøà] (18%). 4.
Vodka [âîäêà] (20%).
5.
Íîòå [äîì], mother [ìàòü], friends [ äðóçüÿ ] (15%). 5.
Hospitable [ ãîñòåïðèèìíûé ] (16%). 6.
Moscow [ Ìîñêâà ], Orthodox Church [ïðàâîñëàâíàÿ öåðêîâü] (13%). 6.
Winter [çèìà] (14%).
7.
Dirty [ãðÿçíûé], gr åó [ñåðûé] (12%). 7.
Churches [ öåðêâè ], beautiful na - ture [êðàñèâàÿ ïðèðîäà] (10%). 8.
Kremlin [ Êðåìëü ] (10%).
8.
MSU ( Moscow State University ) [ÌÃÓ (Ìîñêîâñêèé ãîñóäàðñò- âåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò)] (9%). 121 9. Poor [áåäíûé], hope [íàäåæäà], potentials [áîëüøîé ïîòåíöèàë], great future [âåëèêîå áóäóùåå] (9%). 9. Boris Yeltsin [Áîðèñ Åëüöèí], forests [ëåñà], Lenin [Ëåíèí] (7%). 10. Red Square [Êðàñíàÿ ïëîùàäü], gentle [íåæíûé], kind [äîáðûé], crisis [êðèçèñ], fools [äóðàêè], stupid [ãëóïûé] (7%). 10. New Russians [íîâûå ðóññêèå], home [äîì], great persons [âåëèêèå ëþäè], dirty streets [ãðÿçíûå óëèöû] (6%). Çà ïðîøåäøèå òðè ãîäà (1992-1995) Red Square [Êðàñíàÿ ïëîùàäü] ïîäíÿëàñü ñ ïîñëåäíåãî ìåñòà â ñïèñêå ñàìûõ ÷àñòîòíûõ ñëîâ è ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèé íà ïåðâîå. Moscow [Ìîñêâà] è Kremlin [Êðåìëü] òàêæå óâåëè÷èëè ÷àñòîòíîñòü óïîòðåáëåíèÿ. Vodka [âîäêà] ñîõðàíèëà ñâîè ïîçèöèè, âîçíèêëè New Russians [íîâûå ðóññêèå], beautiful nature [êðàñèâàÿ ïðèðîäà], Boris Yeltsin [Áîðèñ Åëüöèí], hospitable [ãîñòåïðèèìíûé]. Íàîáîðîò, óøëè èç ÷àñòî âñòðå÷àþùèõñÿ òàêèå ñëîâà, êàê mess [áåñïîðÿäîê], chaos [õàîñ], fools [äóðàêè], stupid [ãëóïûé], crisis [êðèçèñ]. Âìåñòå ñ íèìè óìåíüøèëè óïîòðåáèòåëüíîñòü è culture [êóëüòóðà], history [èñòîðèÿ], hope [íàäåæäà], potentials [áîëüøîé ïîòåíöèàë], great f utu re [âåëèêîå áóäóùåå]. Ïî òåìàòè÷åñêèì ãðóïïàì äàííûå îïðîñà ðàñïðåäåëèëèñü ñëåäóþùèì îáðàçîì: 2. ×åðòû õàðàêòåðà ðóññêèõ:1992 (äëÿ ñðàâíåíèÿ) 1995 1. Friendly [äðóæåñêèé], intelligent [óìíûé]. 1. Hospitable [ãîñòåïðèèìíûé]. 2. Gentle [íåæíûé], kind [äîáðûé], foolish [ãëóïîâàòûé], stupid [ãëóïûé]. 2. Lazy [ëåíèâûé], kind [äîáðûé]. 3. Rude [ãðóáûé], gloomy [ìðà÷íûé], talkative [ðàçãîâîð÷èâûé], hospitable [ãîñòåïðèèìíûé]. 3. Honest [÷åñòíûé], patient [òåðïåëèâûé], rude [ãðóáûé], religious [ðåëèãèîçíûé], sense of humour [÷óâñòâî þìîðà], open [îòêðûòûé]. 4. Worried [îçàáî÷åííûé], sad [ãðóñòíûé], unhappy [áåçðàäîñòíûé], serious [ñåðüåçíûé], patient [òåðïåëèâûé], resourceful [ñ áîãàòûìè âîçìîæíîñòÿìè]. 4. Educated [îáðàçîâàííûé], open - hearted [îòêðûòûé], simple [ïðîñòîé]. 5. Healthy [çäîðîâûé], beautiful [êðàñèâûé], charitable [äîáðîæåëàòåëüíûé]. 5. Cheerful [ðàäîñòíûé], sensitive [÷óâñòâèòåëüíûé], enduring [âûíîñëèâûé]. á. Sense of humour [÷óâñòâî þìîðà], cheerful [ðàäîñòíûé], unsmiling [íåóëûá÷èâûé]. 6. Dangerous [îïàñíûé]. 122 7. Big and strong [áîëüøîé è ñèëüíûé], powerful [âëàñòíûé], wicked [ñóìàñøåäøèé], crooks [ìîøåííèêè]. 7. Respect to other nations [óâàæåíèå ê äðóãèì íàöèÿì], unpredictable [íåïðåäñêàçóåìûé], crazy [ñóìàñøåäøèé]. 8. Trustful [äîâåð÷èâûé], deep [ãëóáîêèé], coarse [ãðóáûé], dull [âÿëûé], brave [ñìåëûé], nice [ïðèÿòíûé], generous [ùåäðûé]. 8. Angry people [çëûå ëþäè], alcoholics [àëêîãîëèêè]. 9. Wonderful [ïðåêðàñíûé], reckless [áåçðàññóäíûé], interesting [èíòåðåñíûé]. 9. Friendly [äðóæåñêèé], poor [áåäíûé], uneducated [íåîáðàçîâàííûé].
10. Nationalistic [íàöèîíàëèñòè÷åñêèé], unsmiling [íåóëûá÷èâûé]. 3. Ñîâðåìåííàÿ æèçíü â Ðîññèè:1992 (äëÿ ñðàâíåíèÿ) 1995 1. Mess [áåñïîðÿäîê], chaos [õàîñ], vodka [âîäêà]. 1. Vodka [âîäêà]. 2. Poverty [áåäíîñòü], lines ( queues ) [î÷åðåäè], hope [íàäåæäà]. 2. Winter [ çèìà ], churches [ öåðêâè ]. 3. Crisis [ êðèçèñ ]. 3. New Russians [ íîâûå ðóññêèå ], dirty streets [ ãðÿçíûå óëèöû ]. 4. Market [ ðûíîê ], communism [ êîììóíèçì ], civil war [ ãðàæäàíñêàÿ âîéíà ]. 4. Drunkards [ ïüÿíèöû ], communism [ êîììóíèçì ], perestroyka [ ïåðåñòðîéêà ], political changes [ èçìåíåíèÿ â ïîëèòèêå ], difficult life [ òðóäíàÿ æèçíü ], mafia [ ìàôèÿ ], balalaika [ áàëàëàéêà ], samovar [ ñàìîâàð ], pretty girls [ êðàñèâûå äåâóøêè ]. 5. Inflation [ èíôëÿöèÿ ], instability [ íåñòàáèëüíîñòü ], difficulties [ òðóäíîñòè ], masochism [ ìàçîõèçì ], children [ äåòè ]. 5. Bread and salt [ õëåá - ñîëü ], national songs [ íàöèîíàëüíûå ïåñíè ], troubles [ ïðîáëåìû ], revolution [ ðåâîëþöèÿ ]. 6. Violence [ íàñèëèå ], democrats [ äåìîêðàòû ], pension [ ïåíñèÿ ], food [ åäà ], President [ ïðåçèäåíò ], parliament [ ïàðëàìåíò ], rouble [ ðóáëü ]. 6. Bath-house [ áàíÿ ], customs [ îáû÷àè ], traditions [ òðàäèöèè ]. 7. Begging army [ àðìèÿ ïîïðîøàåê ], three - colour flag [ òðåõöâåòíûé ôëàã ]. 7. Pancakes [ áëèíû ], ðå lmeni [ ïåëüìåíè ], borshch [ áîðù ]. 8. Survival [ âûæèâàíèå ], debates [ äåáàòû ], trolley - buses [ òðîëëåéáóñû ]. 8. New capitalism [ íîâûé êàïèòàëèçì ], rich culture [ áîãàòàÿ êóëüòóðà ], writers [ ïèñàòåëè ], 123
good literature [õîðîøàÿ ëèòåðàòóðà], very great culture [âåëè÷àéøàÿ êóëüòóðà], music [ìóçûêà]. 9. Hockey [ õîêêåé ], high prices [ âûñîêèå öåíû ]. 10 No opportunities for young people [ íèêàêèõ âîçìîæíîñòåé äëÿ ìîëîäåæè ], no laws [ íèêàêèõ ç a êîíîâ ], crowded transport [ òîëïû â òðàíñïîðòå ], imitation of the West [ïîäðàæàíèå Çàïàäó], chaos [õàîñ]. 4. Ïðèðîäà, ïåéçàæ:1992 (äëÿ ñðàâíåíèÿ) 1995 1. Roads [ äîðîãè ]. 1. Winter [ çèìà ]. 2. Forest [ ëåñ ]. 2. Beautiful nature [ êðàñèâàÿ
ïðèðîäà]. 3. Birch - trees [áåðåçû]. 3. Forests [ ëåñà ]. 4. Steppe [ ñòåïè ]. 4. Cold weather [õîëîäíàÿ ïîãîäà]. 5. Villages [ äåðåâíè ]. 5. Long distances [ áîëüøèå
ðàññòîÿíèÿ], bear [ìåäâåäü],
villages [ äåðåâíè ], la rge area
[áîëüøàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ], birch
[áåðåçà]. 6. Rivers [ðåêè]. 6. . Architecture [ àðõèòåêòóðà ]. 7. Big cemeteries [ áîëüøèå 7. Fields [ïîëÿ].
êëàäáèùà]. 8. Great valleys [âåëèêèå äîëèíû].
9.
Taiga [ òàéãà ], golden domes [çîëîòûå êóïîëà].
10.
Roads [ äîðîãè ], fields [ ïîëÿ ], beautiful country [ êðàñèâûé ñåëüñêèé ïåéçàæ]. 5. Ñîáñòâåííûå èìåíà:1992 (äëÿ ñðàâíåíèÿ) 1995 1. Moscow [Ìîñêâà]. 1. Red Square [Êðàñíàÿ ïëîùàäü]. 2. The Kremlin [Êðåìëü]. 2. Moscow [Ìîñêâà]. 3. Red Square [Êðàñíàÿ ïëîùàäü]. 3. Kremlin [Êðåìëü]. 4. Moscow State University 4. MSU ( Moscow State University ) 5. [Ìîñêîâñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò]. Ivan [Èâàí], Leningrad [Ëåíèíãðàä], Tchaikovsky [×àéêîâñêèé], Dostoevsky [Äîñòîåâñêèé], Siberia [Ñèáèðü], Yeltsin [Åëüöèí], Gorbachev [Ãîðáà÷åâ]. 5. [ÌÃÓ (Ìîñêîâñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò)]. Boris Yeltsin [Áîðèñ Åëüöèí], Lenin [Ëåíèí]. 6. St Petersburg [ Ñàíêò - Ïåòåðáóðã ], Arbat [ Àðáàò ], Bolshoi Theatre 6. Saint Petersburg [Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðã].
[Áîëüøîé òåàòð], St . Basil ' s Cathedral [ñîáîð Âàñèëèÿ 7. Siberia [Ñèáèðü], Pushkin [Ïóøêèí].
Áëàæåííîãî]. 8. Stalin [Ñòàëèí], Arbat [Àðáàò], 7. The Volga [Âîëãà], Pushkin [Ïóøêèí], Lenin [Ëåíèí].
Dostoevsky [Äîñòîåâñêèé], the Bolshoi Theatre [Áîëüøîé òåàòð], 8. Suvorov [ Ñóâîðîâ ], Dmitry
Peter the First [ Ïåòð Ïåðâûé ].
Donskoy [Äìèòðèé Äîíñêîé], 9. Moscow [ Ìîñêâà ], Alexander
Moscow suburbs [Ïîäìîñêîâüå, ìîñêîâñêèå îêðàèíû].
Nevsky [Àëåêñàíäð Íåâñêèé], Dmitry Donskoy [Äìèòðèé
Äîíñêîé].
10. Tolstoy [Òîëñòîé], GUM [ÃÓÌ], « Zhiguli » ( a car ) [«Æèãóëè» (ìàøèíà)], USSR [ÑÑÑÐ], Chechnya [×å÷íÿ]. Îïðîñ 1998 ãîäà äàë ñëåäóþùèå ðåçóëüòàòû: 1. Ïåðâûå äåñÿòü ìåñò ïî ÷àñòîòíîñòè çàíÿëè òàêèå ñëîâà îá Àìåðèêå è àìåðèêàíöàõ: 1. New York [ Íüþ - Éîðê ] (35%). 2. The Statue of Liberty [ ñòàòóÿ Ñâîáîäû ] (33%). 3. Bill Clinton [ Áèëë Êëèíòîí ] (27%). 4. Smile [ óëûáêà ], Hollywood [ Ãîëëèâóä ] (22%). 5. McDonald's [ Ìàêäîíàëüäñ ] (19%). 6. Freedom [ ñâîáîäà ] (18%). 7. Washington D. Ñ . [ Âàøèíãòîí ( ãîðîä )] (11%). 8. Skyscrapers [ íåáîñêðåáû ], business [ áèçíåñ ] (10%). 9. George Washington [ Äæîðäæ Âàøèíãòîí ], friendly [ äðóæåñêèé ], dollars [ äîëëàðû ], hamburgers [ ãàìáóðãåðû ], Coca-Cola [ êîêà - êîëà ] (8,5%). 10. White House [ Áåëûé Äîì ], baseball [ áåéñáîë ], basketball [ áàñêåòáîë ], Disney and Disneyland [ Äèñíåé è « Äèñíåéëåíä »] (6,5%). 125 Äàííûå îïðîñà 1998 ãîäà ïî òåìàòè÷åñêèì ãðóïïàì: 2. ×åðòû õàðàêòåðà àìåðèêàíöåâ: 1. Smiling [óëûá÷èâûé]. 2. Friendly [äðóæåñêèé]. 3. Democratic [äåìîêðàòè÷íûé], proud [ãîðäûé], self - confident [óâåðåííûé â ñåáå], patriotic [ïàòðèîòè÷íûé]. 4. Funny [âåñåëûé], happy [ðàäîñòíûé], stupid [ãëóïûé], healthy [çäîðîâûé], long [âûñîêèé], noisy [øóìíûé]. 5. Proud [ãîðäûé], self - important [âàæíûé], greedy [æàäíûé], fussy [ñïîðÿùèé], communicative [êîììóíèêàáåëüíûé]. 6. Warm [òåïëûé], rude [ãðóáûé], quick [áûñòðûé]. 7. Unfriendly [íåäðóæåñêèé], cheerful [âåñåëûé], good - natured [ñ õîðîøèì õàðàêòåðîì]. 8. Hypocrisy [ëèöåìåðèå], racism [ðàñèçì]. 9. Militant [âîèíñòâåííûé], overworking [ñëèøêîì ìíîãî ðàáîòàþùèé], borrowing brains [èñïîëüçóþùèé ÷óæîé òðóä], angry [çëîé]. 3. Ñîâðåìåííàÿ æèçíü â ÑØÀ: 1. Freedom [ ñâîáîäà ]. 2. Business [ áèçíåñ ]. 3. Coca - Cola [ êîêà - êîëà ], hamburgers [ ãàìáóðãåðû ], dollars [ äîëëàðû ]. 4. Basketball [ áàñêåòáîë ], baseball [ áåéñáîë ], cowboys [ êîâáîè ]. 5. Fast food [ çàáåãàëîâêè ( ôàñò - ôóä )], football [ ôóòáîë ], jeans [ äæèíñû ], cars [ ìàøèíû ], hot dogs [ õîò - äîãè ]. 6. President [ ïðåçèäåíò ], money [ äåíüãè ], popcorn [ ïîï - êîðí ], music [ ìóçûêà ], states [ øòàòû ], Independence Day [ Äåíü Íåçàâèñèìîñòè ]. 7. Pop culture [ ïîï - êóëüòóðà ], NBA ( National Basketball Association ) [ ÍÁÀ ( Íàöèîíàëüíàÿ Áàñêåòáîëüíàÿ àññîöèàöèÿ )], films [ êèíîôèëüìû ], film stars [ êèíîçâåçäû ], different nations [ ðàçíûå íàöèîíàëüíîñòè ], American dream [ àìåðèêàíñêàÿ ìå÷òà ], independence [ íåçàâèñèìîñòü ], black people [ ÷åðíîêîæèå ], fat people [ òîëñòÿêè ]. 8. Junk food [ íåêà÷åñòâåííàÿ , áûñòðî ïðèãîòîâëåííàÿ åäà ], Indians [ èíäåéöû ], bikers [ áàéêåðû ], teenagers [ òèíåéäæåðû ], green card [« çåëåíàÿ êàðòà »], divorce [ ðàçâîä ], industry [ ïðîìûøëåííîñòü ], lack of culture [ îòñóòñòâèå êóëüòóðû ], education [ îáðàçîâàíèå ]. 9. Supermarkets [ ñóïåðìàðêåòû ], pizza [ ïèööà ], drugs [ íàðêîòèêè ], very expensive medicines [ î÷åíü äîðîãèå ëåêàðñòâà ], bank [ áàíê ], traffic [ äîðîæíîå äâèæåíèå ], universities [ óíèâåðñèòåòû ]. 10. Beer [ ïèâî ], turkey [ èíäåéêà ], cheeseburgers [ ÷èçáóðãåðû ], chewing gum [ æåâàòåëüíàÿ ðåçèíêà ], mess [ áåñïîðÿäîê ], prosperity [ ïðîöâåòàíèå ], sex [ ñåêñ ], discrimination [ äèñêðèìèíàöèÿ ], a possibility to earn money honestly [ âîçìîæíîñòü ÷åñòíî çàðàáàòûâàòü íà æèçíü ], farmers [ ôåðìåðû ], t - shirts [ ôóòáîëêè ], free style of clothes [ ñâîáîäíûé ñòèëü îäåæäû ]. 126 4. Ïðèðîäà, ïåéçàæ: 1. Skyscrapers [íåáîñêðåáû]. 2. Ocean [ îêåàí ]. 3. Highways [ øîññå ]. 4. Tornado [ òîðíàäî ]. 5. Big avenues [ îãðîìíûå àâåíþ ], large streets [ áîëüøèå óëèöû ]. 6. Green grass [çåëåíàÿ òðàâà]. 7. National parks [íàöèîíàëüíûå ïàðêè]. 5. Ñîáñòâåííûå èìåíà: 1. New York [ Íüþ - Éîðê ]. 2. Statue of Liberty [ ñòàòóÿ Ñâîáîäû ]. 3. Bill Clinton [ Áèëë Êëèíòîí ]. 4. Hollywood [ Ãîëëèâóä ]. 5. McDonald's [ Ìàêäîíàëüäñ ]. 6. Washington [ Âàøèíãòîí ]. 7. George Washington [ Äæîðäæ Âàøèíãòîí ]. 8. White House [ Áåëûé Äîì ], Disney and Disneyland [ Äèñíåé è « Äèñíåé - 9. Columbus [ Êîëóìá ], Abraham Lincoln [ Àâðààì Ëèíêîëüí ], John Kennedy [ Äæîí Êåííåäè ], Michael Jackson [ Ìàéêë Äæåêñîí ], California [ Êàëèôîðíèÿ ]. 10. Elvis Presley [ Ýëâèñ Ïðåñëè ], Madonna [ Ìàäîííà ], Los Angeles [ Ëîñ - Àíäæåëåñ ]. 11. Alaska [ Àëÿñêà ], Chicago [ ×èêàãî ], Stealth F-117 À [ Ñòåëå Ô -117 À ], Ronald Reagan [ Ðîíàëüä Ðåéãàí ], Yale University [ Éåëüñêèé óíèâåðñèòåò ], Martin Luther King [ Ìàðòèí Ëþòåð Êèíã ], Broadway [ Áðîäâåé ], Vietnam [ Âüåòíàì ], Pentagon [ Ïåíòàãîí ], Michael Jordan [ Ìàéêë Äæîðäàí ], Jack London [ Äæåê Ëîíäîí ], Julia Roberts [ Äæóëèÿ Ðîáåðòå ], Mickey Mouse [ Ìèêêè Ìàóñ ], Budweiser [« Áóäâàéçåð »]. 12 Theodor Roosevelt [ Òåîäîð Ðóçâåëüò ], Hilary Clinton [ Õèëàðè Êëèíòîí ], Uncle Sam [ äÿäÿ Ñýì ], Theodor Dreiser [ Òåîäîð Äðàéçåð ], Hemingway [ Õåìèíãóýé ], J. F. Cooper [ Äæ . Ô . Êóïåð ], «Mayflower» [« Ìåéôëàóýð » ( ìîðñêîå ñóäíî )], Forrest Gump [ Ôîððåñò Ãàìï ], Kevin Kostner [ Êåâèí Êîñòíåð ], Texas [ Òåõàñ ], Niagara Falls [ Íèàãàðñêèé âîäîïàä ], Miamy Beach [ Ìàéàìè Áè÷ ], Las Vegas [ Ëàñ - Âåãàñ ], Manhattan [ Ìàíõýòòåí ]. Ðîññèÿ è ðóññêèå ïðåäñòàâëåíû â ÿçûêîâîé è êóëüòóðíîé êàðòèíàõ ìèðà ñòóäåíòîâ ÌÃÓ â 1998 ãîäó ñëåäóþùèì îáðàçîì: 1. Äåñÿòü íàèáîëåå ÷àñòîòíûõ ñëîâ: 1. Poverty [áåäíîñòü] (35%). 2. Moscow [Ìîñêâà] (32%). 3. Soul [äóøà], vodka [âîäêà] (20%). 4. Birch - trees [ áåðåçû ] (18%). 5. Kremlin [ Êðåìëü ], Pushkin [ Ïóøêèí ] (16%). 6. Rouble [ ðóáëü ], caviar [ èêðà ], crisis [ êðèçèñ ] (15%). 127 7. Winter [ çèìà ], snow [ ñíåã ] (14%). 8. Motherland [ ðîäèíà ], c ulture [ êóëüòóðà ] (12%). 9. Mafia [ ìàôèÿ ], ïî good roads [ áåçäîðîæüå ], songs [ ïåñíè ], puzzling [çàãàäî÷íûé], unpredictable [íåïðåäñêàçóåìûé] (10%). 10. Villages [äåðåâíè], chastushkas [÷àñòóøêè] (8%). 2. ×åðòû õàðàêòåðà ðóññêèõ:1. The national spirit [ íàöèîíàëüíûé ä yx], Russian soul [ ðóññêàÿ äóøà ]. 2. Love for Motherland [ ëþáîâü ê ðîäèíå ]. 3. Emotinal [ýìîöèîíàëüíûé], sentimental [ñåíòèìåíòàëüíûé]. 4. Patient [ òåðïåëèâûé ], generous [ ùåäðûé ], hospitable [ ãîñòåïðèèìíûé ]. 5. Talkative [ ðàçãîâîð÷èâûé ], open [ îòêðûòûé ], kind [ äîáðûé ]. 6. Puzzling [ çàãàäî÷íûé ], unpredictable [ íåïðåäñêàçóåìûé ]. 7. Fools [ äóðàêè ], wicked [ çëîé ], narrow - minded [ îãðàíè÷åííûé ]. 8. Gloomy [ ìðà÷íûé ], fussy [ ñóåòëèâûé ], the mentality of a mob [ ñòàäíûé èíñòèíêò ]. 9. Unaggressive [ íåàãðåññèâíûé ], kind [ äîáðûé ]. 10. Melancholy [ ìåëàíõîëè÷íûé ], inaccurate [ íåòî÷íûé ], tight - minded [ ëåãêîìûñëåííûé ].
3. Ñîâðåìåííàÿ æèçíü â Ðîññèè:1. Poverty [áåäíîñòü]. 2. Vodka [âîäêà]. 3. Rouble [ ðóáëü ], caviar [ èêðà ], crisis [ ÊÐÈÇÈÑ ]. 4. Culture [ êóëüòóðà ], museums [ ìóçåè ]. 5. Mafia [ ìàôèÿ ], ïî good mads [ áåçäîðîæüå ], songs [ ïåñíè ]. 6. Chastushkas [÷àñòóøêè], ïî laws [îòñóòñòâèå çàêîíîâ]. 7. A great potential [îãðîìíûé ïîòåíöèàë], communists [êîììóíèñòû], ïîðå [íàäåæäà], friends [äðóçüÿ], homeland native culture [íàöèîíàëüíàÿ êóëüòóðà ñòðàíû], arts [èñêóññòâî], history [èñòîðèÿ], roots [êîðíè]. 8. Dirt [ãðÿçü], mess [áåñïîðÿäîê], family [ñåìüÿ], hopelessness [áåçíàäåæíîñòü], uncertain future [íåïîíÿòíîå áóäóùåå], f å ar [ñòðàõ], politics [ïîëèòèêà]. 9. Misery [ãîðå], darkness [òåìíîòà], humour [þìîð], books [êíèãè], parliament [ïàðëàìåíò]. 10. Balalaika [áàëàëàéêà], dustbins [óðíû], unemployment [áåçðàáîòèöà], ruins [ðàçâàëèíû], dirty shoes [ãðÿçíàÿ îáóâü], matryoshka [ìàòðåøêà].
128 4. Ïðèðîäà, ïåéçàæ: 1. Birch - trees [áåðåçû]. 2. Vastness [ïðîñòîð]. 3. Snow [ñíåã], cold [õîëîä], winter [çèìà], frost [ìîðîç]. 4. Greenery [çåëåíü]. 5. Rich [áîãàòûé], beautiful nature [êðàñèâàÿ ïðèðîäà]. 6. Villages [ äåðåâíè ], fields [ ïîëÿ ]. 5. Èìåíà ñîáñòâåííûå: 1. Moscow [Ìîñêâà]. 2. Pushkin [Ïóøêèí], Kremlin [Êðåìëü]. 3. Siberia [ Ñèáèðü ]. 4. Ivan the Fool [ Èâàí - äóðàê ]. 5. Christ the Saviour Cathedral [ õðàì Õðèñòà Ñïàñèòåëÿ ]. 6. Zagorsk [ Çàãîðñê ]. 7. «Zhiguli» (a car) [« Æèãóëè » ( ìàøèíà )]. 8. «The Siberian Barber» (a film) [« Ñèáèðñêèé öèðþëüíèê » ( ôèëüì )]. 9. Kiev [ Êèåâ ]. 10. Sakharov [ Ñàõàðîâ ].
 çàêëþ÷åíèå ñîïîñòàâèì ñïèñêè íàèáîëåå ÷àñòîòíûõ ñëîâ çà ïåðèîä 1992-1998 ãîäîâ. ÑØÀ: 1992 1995 1998 1. Smile [óëûáêà] (27%). 1. Hollywood [ Ãîëëèâóä ] (26%). 1. New York [ Íüþ - Éîðê ] (35%). 2. Freedom [ ñâîáîäà ] (20%). 2. Statue of Liberty [ ñòàòóÿ Ñâîáîäû ] (21%). 2. The Statue of Liberty [ ñòàòóÿ Ñâîáîäû ] (33%). 3. Rich [áîãàòûé], money [äåíüãè] (13%). 3. Smile [óëûáêà] (19%). 3. Bill Clinton [Áèëë Êëèíòîí] (27%). 4. Skyscrapers [ íåáîñêðåáû ] (12%). 4. New York [ Íüþ - Éîðê ] (16%). 4. Smile [ óëûáêà ], Hollywood [ Ãîëëèâóä ] (22%). 5. Business [ áèçíåñ ], Hollywood [ Ãîëëèâóä ], Statue of Liberty [ ñòàòóÿ Ñâîáîäû ] (11%). 5. Dollar [ äîëëàð ], McDonald's [ Ìàêäîíàëüäñ ] (13%). 5. McDonald's [ Ìàêäîíàëüäñ ] (19%). 6. Cars [ ìàøèíû ], pragmatism [ ïðàãìàòèçì ] (10%). á . Bill Clinton [ Áèëë Êëèíòîí ] (11%). 6. Freedom [ ñâîáîäà ] (18%). 7. Dollar [ äîëëàð ], President 7. Freedom [ ñâîáîäà ], 7. Washington D. Ñ .
[ ïðåçèäåíò ], friendly [ äðóæåëþáíûé ], cheerful [ áîäðûé ] (9%).
Washington [ Âàøèíãòîí ], rich [ áîãàòûé ] (10%).
[Âàøèíãòîí (ãîðîä)] (11%). 8. New York [Íüþ-Éîðê], uninhibited [íå îãðàíè÷åííûé çàïðåòàìè], 8. Skyscrapers [íåáîñêðåáû], business [áèçíåñ], uninhibited [íå îãðàíè÷åííûé 8. Skyscrapers [ íåáîñêðåáû ], business [ áèçíåñ ] (10%). 129 1992 1995 1998
great / large [âåëèêèé/áîëüøîé], loud [ãðîìêèé] (8%).
çàïðåòàìè], baseball [ áåéñáîë ] (9%).
9. Kind [ äîáðûé ], domineering [ ãîñïîäñòâóþùèé ] (7%). 9. White House [ Áåëûé Äîì ], cowboys [ êîâáîè ], Disn åó l and [« Äèñíåéëåíä »] (8%) 9. George Washington [ Äæîðäæ Âàøèíãòîí ], friendly [ äðóæåëþáíûé ], dollars [ äîëëàðû ], hamburgers [ ãàìáóðãåðû ], Ñîñî-Ñî la [êîêà-êîëà] (8,5%). 10. White House [Áåëûé Äîì], independence [íåçàâèñèìîñòü], comfort [êîìôîðò], supermarket [ ñóïåðìàðêåò ], health [ çäîðîâüå ], hospitable [ ãîñòåïðèèìíûé ] (6%). 10. Talkative [ ðàçãîâîð÷èâûé ], drugs [ íàðêîòèêè ] (6%). 10. White House [ Áåëûé Äîì ] baseball [ áåéñáîë ], basketball [ áàñêåòáîë ], Disney and Disneyland [ Äèñíåé è « Äèñíåéëåíä »] (6,5%). Ðîññèÿ: 1992 1995 1998 1. Great [âåëèêèé], vast [îãðîìíûé], huge [ãðîìàäíûé], larg e [áîëüøîé] (26%). 1. Red Square [Êðàñíàÿ ïëîùàäü] (31%). 1. Poverty [áåäíîñòü] (35%). 2. Motherland [ðîäèíà], patriotism [ïàòðèîòèçì] (24%) 2. Moscow [ Ìîñêâà ] (29%). 2. Moscow [ Ìîñêâà ] (32%). 3. Culture [êóëüòóðà], history [èñòîðèÿ], mess [áåñïîðÿäîê] chaos [õàîñ], vodka [âîäêà] (23%). 3. Kremlin [Êðåìëü] (27%). 3. Soul [äóøà], vodka [âîäêà] (20%). 4. Mysterious [çàãàäî÷íûé], strange [ñòðàííûé], soul [äóøà] (18%). 4. Vodka [ âîäêà ] (20%). 4. Birch-trees [ áåðåçû ] (18%). 5. Íîòå [äîì], mother [ìàòü], friends [äðóçüÿ] (15%). 5. Hospitable [ãîñòåïðèèìíûé] (16%). 5. Kremlin [Êðåìëü], Pushkin [Ïóøêèí] (16%). 130 1992 1995 199 8 6. Moscow [Ìîñêâà], Orthodox Church [ïðàâîñëàâíàÿ öåðêîâü] (13%). á . Winter [ çèìà ] (14%). 6. Rouble [ ðóáëü ], caviar [ èêðà ], crisis [ êðèçèñ ] (15%). 7. Dirty [ ãðÿçíûé ], grey [ ñåðûé ] (12%). 7. Churches [ öåðêâè ], beautiful nature [ êðàñèâàÿ ïðèðîäà ] (10%). 7. Winter [ çèìà ], snow [ ñíåã ] (14%). 8. Kremlin [Êðåìëü] (10%). 8. MSU ( Moscow State University ) [ÌÃÓ (Ìîñêîâñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò] (9%). 8. Motherland [ðîäèíà], culture [êóëüòóðà] (12%). 9. Poor [áåäíûé], hope [íàäåæäà], potentials [áîëüøîé ïîòåíöèàë], great future [âåëèêîå áóäóùåå] (9%). 9. Boris Yeltsin [Áîðèñ Åëüöèí], forests [ëåñà], Lenin [Ëåíèí] (7%). 9. Mafia [ìàôèÿ], ïî good roads [áåçäîðîæüå], songs [ïåñíè], puzzling [çàãàäî÷íûé], unpredictable [íåïðåäñêàçóåìûé] (10%). 10. Red Square [Êðàñíàÿ ïëîùàäü], gentle [ìÿãêèé], kind [äîáðûé], crisis [êðèçèñ], fools [äóðàêè], stupid [ãëóïûé] (7%). 10. New Russians [ íîâûå ðóññêèå ], home [ äîì ], great persons [ âåëèêèå ëþäè ], dirty streets [ ãðÿçíûå óëèöû ] (6%). 10. Villages [ äåðåâíè ], chastushkas [ ÷àñòóøêè ] (8%). Ñîïîñòàâèì ñïèñêè íàèáîëåå ÷àñòîòíûõ ñëîâ çà ïåðèîä 1992-1998 ãîäîâ.  êóëüòóðíîé è ÿçûêîâîé êàðòèíàõ Ñîåäèíåííûõ Øòàòîâ Àìåðèêè ó ñòóäåíòîâ ÌÃÓ âî âñåõ òðåõ ñëó÷àÿõ â ñîñòàâ ñàìûõ ÷àñòîòíûõ ñëîâ âîøëè: smile [óëûáêà], New York [Íüþ-Éîðê], State of Liberty [ñòàòóÿ Ñâîáîäû], Hollywood [Ãîëëèâóä], freedom [ñâîáîäà], skyscrapers [íåáîñêðåáû], dollar [äîëëàð], White House [Áåëûé Äîì].  1998 ãîäó óòðàòèëè ÷àñòîòíîñòü óïîòðåáëåíèÿ ñëîâà, ïðèñóòñòâóþùèå èëè â îáîèõ ñïèñêàõ (1992 è 1995 ãîäîâ): rich [áîãàòûé], uninhibited [íå îãðàíè÷åííûé çàïðåòàìè], business [áèçíåñ], èëè â îäíîì èç íèõ: cowboys [êîâáîè], talkative [ðàçãîâîð÷èâûé], cars [ìàøèíû], pragmatism [ïðàãìàòèçì], cheerful [áîäðûé], great / large [âåëèêèé/ áîëüøîé], loud [ãðîìêèé], supermarket [ñóïåðìàðêåò], comfort [êîìôîðò], independence [íåçàâèñèìîñòü], health [çäîðîâüå], hospitable [ãîñòåïðèèìíûé]. Ïî äàííûì îïðîñà 1998 ãîäà, â ÷èñëî íàèáîëåå ÷àñòîòíûõ âïåðâûå âîøëè Coca - Cola [êîêà-êîëà], hamburgers [ãàìáóðãåðû], basketball [áàñêåòáîë]. Ïðåäñòàâëåíèå òåõ æå ñòóäåíòîâ î ñâîåé ñòðàíå è ñâîåì íàðîäå äàåò äðóãóþ êàðòèíó. Âî âñå òðè ñïèñêà íàèáîëåå ÷àñòîòíûõ ñëîâ âîøëè Moscow [Ìîñêâà], Kremlin [Êðåìëü], vodka [âîäêà].  ñïèñêàõ 1992 è 1995 ãîäîâ ïîâòîðèëèñü ñëîâà Red Square [Êðàñíàÿ ïëîùàäü], home [äîì].  ñïèñêàõ 1995 è 1998 ãîäîâ ïîâòîðèëîñü ñëîâî winter [çèìà].  1992 è 1998 ãîäàõ ïîâòîðèëèñü ñëîâà soul [äóøà], motherland [ðîäèíà], culture [êóëüòóðà], poor / poverty [áåäíûé/áåäíîñòü], crisis [êðèçèñ]. 131 Íàêîíåö, â 1998 ãîäó ÷åìïèîíîì ïî ÷àñòîòíîñòè ïðè ñîçäàíèè êàðòèíû Ðîññèè îêàçàëîñü ñëîâî poverty [áåäíîñòü] (ñð.: â 1992 ãîäó poor [áåäíûé] íà ïîñëåäíåì ìåñòå). Âïåðâûå â 1998 ãîäó ïîÿâèëèñü â êà÷åñòâå íàèáîëåå ÷àñòîòíûõ birch - trees [áåðåçû], Pushkin [Ïóøêèí], rouble [ðóáëü], caviar [èêðà], ò afi à [ìàôèÿ], ïî good roads [áåçäîðîæüå], songs [ïåñíè], puzzling [çàãàäî÷íûé], unpredictable [íåïðåäñêàçóåìûé], villages [äåðåâíè], chastushkas [÷àñòóøêè]. Ïî-âèäèìîìó, âåñüìà ïîêàçàòåëåí òîò ôàêò, ÷òî â 1995 è 1998 ãîäàõ ñîâïàëî òîëüêî ñëîâî winter [çèìà], à â 1992 è 1998 (â íà÷àëå íîâîé æèçíè Ðîññèè è â ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû) ñîâïàëè, òî åñòü âåðíóëèñü êàê íàèáîëåå ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿþùèåñÿ, ñëîâà, îïèñûâàþùèå ïîëîæåíèå íàøåé ñòðàíû ( poor / poverty [áåäíûé/áåäíîñòü], crisis [êðèçèñ]) è ïîä÷åðêèâàþùèå ïðåäàííîñòü åé è åå äîñòîèíñòâà: motherland [ðîäèíà], culture [êóëüòóðà], soul [äóøà].
|
|