Âàø êîììåíòàðèé î êíèãå Âñå êíèãè àâòîðà: Ïàðñîíñ Ò. (3)
Ïàðñîíñ Ò. Ñèñòåìà ñîâðåìåííûõ îáùåñòâ
ÎÃËÀÂËÅÍÈÅ
Ê ðóññêîìó èçäàíèþ .................................................................................... 5
Ïðåäèñëîâèå ................................................................................................. 9
Ââåäåíèå ...................................................................................................... 11
Ãëàâà ïåðâàÿ. Òåîðåòè÷åñêèå îðèåíòèðû..................................................... 15
Ñèñòåìû äåéñòâèÿ è ñîöèàëüíûå ñèñòåìû .................................................
Ïîíÿòèå îáùåñòâà .......................................................................................20
Ïîäñèñòåìû îáùåñòâà.................................................................................23
ßäðî: ñîöèåòàëüíîå ñîîáùåñòâî ............................................................. 25
Ñîöèåòàëüíîå ñîîáùåñòâî è âîñïðîèçâîäñòâî îáðàçöà ........................28
Ñîöèåòàëüíîå ñîîáùåñòâî è ïîëèòèêà................................................... 29
Ñîöèåòàëüíîå ñîîáùåñòâî è ýêîíîìèêà ................................................ 32
Ìåòîäû èíòåãðàöèè â óñêîðåííî äèôôåðåíöèðóþùèõñÿ îáùåñòâàõ..... 33
Ïðàâîâàÿ ñèñòåìà......................................................................................—
×ëåíñòâî â ñîöèåòàëüíîì ñîîáùåñòâå ................................................... 35
Ñîöèåòàëüíîå ñîîáùåñòâî, ðûíî÷íûå ñèñòåìû
è áþðîêðàòè÷åñêàÿ îðãàíèçàöèÿ ............................................................38
Äîáðîâîëüíàÿ ñàìîîðãàíèçàöèÿ (àññîöèàöèÿ) ......................................41
Ïðîöåññû ýâîëþöèîííûõ èçìåíåíèé .......................................................43
Ãëàâà âòîðàÿ. Äîñîâðåìåííûå îñíîâû ñîâðåìåííûõ îáùåñòâ...................46
Ðàíåå õðèñòèàíñòâî .....................................................................................47
Èíñòèòóöèîíàëüíîå íàñëåäèå Ðèìà ..........................................................52
Ñðåäíåâåêîâîå îáùåñòâî ............................................................................55
Äèôôåðåíöèàöèÿ åâðîïåéñêîé ñèñòåìû...................................................60
Ðåíåññàíñ è Ðåôîðìàöèÿ............................................................................66
Ãëàâà òðåòüÿ. Ïîÿâëåíèå ïåðâûõ êîìïîíåíòîâ ñîâðåìåííîé ñèñòåìû .... 72
Ñåâåðà-çàïàä ................................................................................................77
Ðåëèãèÿ è ñîöèåòàëüíîå ñîîáùåñòâî.......................................................—
Ïîëèòèêà è ñîöèåòàëüíîå ñîîáùåñòâî................................................... 80
Ýêîíîìèêà è ñîöèåòàëüíîå ñîîáùåñòâî ................................................90
Çàêëþ÷åíèå ..................................................................................................93
Ãëàâà ÷åòâåðòàÿ. Êîíòðàïóíêò è äàëüíåéøåå ðàçâèòèå:
ýïîõà ðåâîëþöèè...................................................... 98
Äèôôåðåíöèàöèÿ Åâðîïû â ýïîõó ðåâîëþöèé..........................................100
Ïðîìûøëåííàÿ ðåâîëþöèÿ...................................................................... 102
Äåìîêðàòè÷åñêàÿ ðåâîëþöèÿ.................................................................... 108
Ãëàâà ïÿòàÿ. Íîâîå ëèäèðóþùåå îáùåñòâî
è íîâåéøàÿ ñîâðåìåííîñòü ................................................. 116
Ñòðóêòóðà ñîöèåòàëüíîãî ñîîáùåñòâà ............. ....................................... 117
Ðåâîëþöèÿ â îáðàçîâàíèè è íîâåéøàÿ ñòàäèÿ ìîäåðíèçàöèè.............. 127
Âîñïðîèçâîäñòâî îáðàçöà è ñîöèåòàëüíîå ñîîáùåñòâî.......................... 132
Ïîëèòèêà è ñîöèåòàëüíîå ñîîáùåñòâî .................................................... 136
Ýêîíîìèêà è ñîöèåòàëüíîå ñîîáùåñòâî ................................................. 142
Çàêëþ÷åíèå................................................................................................ 152
Ãëàâà øåñòàÿ. Íîâûå êîíòðàïóíêòû ........................................................ 163
Ñîâåòñêèé Ñîþç ................... .................................................................... 165
«Íîâàÿ Åâðîïà» ......................................................................................... 171
Ìîäåðíèçàöèÿ íåçàïàäíûõ îáùåñòâ ....................................................... 179
Çàêëþ÷åíèå: îñíîâíûå ïîëîæåíèÿ...................................................... 183
Ðåêîìåíäóìàÿ ëèòåðàòóðà......................................................................... 190
Óêàçàòåëü.................................................................................................... 195
Î ÏÎÑÒÐÎÅÍÈÈ ÒÅÎÐÈÈ ÑÎÖÈÀËÜÍÛÕ ÑÈÑÒÅÌ: ÈÍÒÅËËÅÊÒÓÀËÜÍÀß ÀÂÒÎÁÈÎÃÐÀÔÈß
(ïåðåâîä À.Ä. Êîâàëåâà)
Ïåðâûé áîëüøîé ñèíòåç........................................................................... 210
Äåëà ëè÷íûå è ïðîôåññèîíàëüíûå .......................................................... 214
Òåîðåòè÷åñêèå èíòåðåñûïîñëå «Ñòðóêòóðû ñîöèàëüíîãî äåéñòâèÿ...... 217
Ïðîôåññèè è äâå ñòîðîíû ïðîáëåìû ðàöèîíàëüíîñòè.......................... 218
Îò ìåäèöèíñêîé ïðàêòèêè ê òåîðèè ñîöèàëèçàöèè .............................. 222
Òåîðåòè÷åñêîå ðàçâèòèå, 1937—1951 ........................................................ 226
Åùå ðàç îá ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé íàóêå è ñîöèîëîãèè.................................... 229
Ñðåäñòâà âçàèìîîáìåíà è ñîöèàëüíûé ïðîöåññ..................................... 233
«Ñòðóêòóðíî-ôóíêöèîíàëüíàÿ òåîðèÿ» ................................................. 235
Ñîöèàëüíîå èçìåíåíèå è ýâîëþöèÿ ....................................................... 237
Ïðèðîäà ñîâðåìåííûõ îáùåñòâ ............................................................... 240
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü è ñîöèåòàëüíîå ñîîáùåñòâî ............................................. 245
Âûñøåå îáðàçîâàíèå êàê ñðåäîòî÷èå íàó÷íûõ èíòåðåñîâ ..................... 250
Ñòèëü ìûøëåíèÿ è îáçîð îñíîâíûõ òåì ................................................ 254
Ëèòåðàòóðà ................................................................................................. 266
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ÓÄÊ 3.2.1 ÁÁÊ 60.5 Ï18
Ðåöåíçåíò
äîêòîð ñîöèîëîãè÷åñêèõ íàóê, ïðîôåññîð Í.Å. Ïîêðîâñêèé
Ïàðñîíñ Ò.
Ï 18 Ñèñòåìà ñîâðåìåííûõ îáùåñòâ/Ïåð, ñ àíãë. Ë.À. Ñåäîâà è À.Ä. Êîâàëåâà. Ïîä ðåä. Ì.Ñ. Êîâàëåâîé. — Ì.: Àñïåêò Ïðåññ, 1998.-270ñ.
ISBN 5-7567-0225-3
Ïåðâàÿ ïóáëèêàöèé íà ðóññêîì ÿçûêå êíèãè èçâåñòíîãî àìåðèêàíñêîãî ñîöèîëîãà-òåîðåòèêà XX â. Ò. Ïàðñîíñà (1902—1979). Íà îñíîâå ñâîåé ÷åòûðåõ-ôóíêöèîíàëüíîé ñõåìû âçàèìîîáìåíà — óíèâåðñàëüíîãî ìåòîäîëîãè÷åñêîãî èíñòðóìåíòà, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííîãî äëÿ àíàëèçà ëþáûõ êîíêðåòíûõ îáùåñòâ è ëþáûõ æèâûõ ñèñòåì äåéñòâèÿ âîîáùå, è êîíöåïöèè ìîäåðíèçàöèè, õàðàêòåðèçóþùåé ãëàâíûé âåêòîð èñòîðè÷åñêîãî ðàçâèòèÿ îáùåñòâ, àâòîð ïðîñëåæèâàåò ñòàíîâëåíèå ñèñòåìû îáùåñòâ ñîâðåìåííîãî òèïà, ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîå ïåðåìåùåíèå öåíòðà âñåìèðíîãî ïðîöåññà ìîäåðíèçàöèè, íà÷àâøååñÿ â XVI — XVII ââ. è ïðîäîëæàþùååñÿ â íàøå âðåìÿ.
Èçäàíèå ñîäåðæèò òàêæå àâòîáèîãðàôè÷åñêèé î÷åðê, â êîòîðîì ó÷åíûé ïèøåò î ñâîèõ èäåéíûõ èñòîêàõ, ó÷èòåëÿõ è íàó÷íûõ àâòîðèòåòàõ, à òàêæå îá îñíîâíûõ ýòàïàõ ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ñâîåé òåîðèè ñîöèàëüíîãî äåéñòâèÿ è ìåñòå ïóáëèêóåìîé êíèãè â îáùåé ñèñòåìå åãî âçãëÿäîâ.
Äëÿ ïðåïîäàâàòåëåé, àñïèðàíòîâ è ñòóäåíòîâ ãóìàíèòàðíûõ âóçîâ.
ÓÄÊ 3.2.1 ÁÁÊ 60.5
© Copyright 1971 by PRENTICE-HALL,
INC., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey
ISBN 5—7567—0225—3
© Ïåðåâîä íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê , îôîðìëåíèå. «Àñïåêò Ïðåññ», 1998
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Ó÷åáíîå èçäàíèå Ïàðñîíñ Òîëêîòò
ÑÈÑÒÅÌÀ ÑÎÂÐÅÌÅÍÍÛÕ ÎÁÙÅÑÒÂ
Âåäóùèé ðåäàêòîð Ë.Í. Øèëîâà
Êîððåêòîð Ã.Â. Èâàíîâà Òåõíè÷åñêèé ðåäàêòîð Í.Ê. Ïåòðîâà
Ëй 090102 îò 14.10.94
Ïîäïèñàíî ê ïå÷àòè 05.10.98. Ôîðìàò 60 x 90'/ i 6 . Áóìàãà îôñåòíàÿ
Ãàðíèòóðà Òàéìå. Ïå÷àòü îôñåòíàÿ. Óñë. ïå÷. ë. 17,0.
Òèðàæ 3000 ýêç. Çàêàç 1438.
Èçäàòåëüñòâî «Àñïåêò Ïðåññ»
111398 Ìîñêâà, óë. Ïëåõàíîâà, ä. 23, êîðï. 3.
Òåë. 309-11-66,309-36-00
Îòïå÷àòàíî â ïîëíîì ñîîòâåòñòâèè
ñ êà÷åñòâîì ïðåäîñòàâëåííûõ äèàïîçèòèâîâ
â ÎÀÎ «Ìîæàéñêèé ïîëèãðàôè÷åñêèé êîìáèíàò».
143200, ã. Ìîæàéñê, óë. Ìèðà, 93.
Âàø êîììåíòàðèé î êíèãå Îáðàòíî â ðàçäåë ñîöèîëîãèÿ
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