Áèáëèîòåêà

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Êîíôåññèè

Èíîñòðàííûå ÿçûêè

Äðóãèå ïðîåêòû







Âàø êîììåíòàðèé î êíèãå

Åôèìîâà Å. Ýêîíîìèêà: Ó÷åáíîå ïîñîáèå

ÎÃËÀÂËÅÍÈÅ

Ââåäåíèå. ÝÊÎÍÎÌÈÊÀ ÊÀÊ ÍÀÓÊÀ 7
Òåìà 1. Ïðåäìåò è ìåòîä ýêîíîìèêè 7
1.1. Ïðåäìåò è ôóíêöèè ýêîíîìèêè 7
1.2. Ìåòîäû ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé 8
1.3. Ýêîíîìè÷åñêèå ïîêàçàòåëè
10
Òåìà 2. Èñòîðèÿ ðàçâèòèÿ ýêîíîìèêè êàê íàóêè 13
2.1. Çàðîæäåíèå è ðàçâèòèå ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé íàóêè 13
2.2. Ñîâðåìåííûå ýêîíîìè÷åñêèå òåîðèè
16
Ðàçäåë 1. ÎÁÙÈÅ ÎÑÍÎÂÛ ÝÊÎÍÎÌÈ×ÅÑÊÎÃÎ ÐÀÇÂÈÒÈß. 20
Òåìà 3. Ïîòðåáíîñòè è ðåñóðñû 20
3.1. Ýêîíîìè÷åñêèå ïîòðåáíîñòè è áëàãà 20
3.2. Ïðîèçâîäñòâî è ôàêòîðû ïðîèçâîäñòâà 23
3.3. Ïðîèçâîäñòâåííûå âîçìîæíîñòè 25
3.4. Ïðîáëåìà âûáîðà è ýêîíîìè÷åñêèå ñèñòåìû
28
Òåìà 4. Ñîáñòâåííîñòü è õîçÿéñòâîâàíèå 32
4.1. Ýêîíîìè÷åñêèå àãåíòû 32
4.2. Ñîáñòâåííîñòü êàê îòíîøåíèå ïðèñâîåíèÿ 34
4.3. Ñîáñòâåííîñòü êàê ïó÷îê ÷àñòè÷íûõ ïðàâîìî÷èé
37
Òåìà 5. Ôîðìû ñîáñòâåííîñòè 40
5.1. Ôîðìû ÷àñòíîé ñîáñòâåííîñòè 40
5.2. Ãîñóäàðñòâåííàÿ ñîáñòâåííîñòü
43
Òåìà 6. Ðûíî÷íàÿ ýêîíîìèêà 46
6.1. Òîâàðíîå ïðîèçâîäñòâî - óñëîâèå è ïðåäïîñûëêà
ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ ðûíêà 46
6.2. Äåíüãè: ñóùíîñòü, ôóíêöèè è âèäû 49
6.3. Îñíîâíûå ÷åðòû ðûíî÷íîãî õîçÿéñòâà 52
6.4. Êðóãîîáîðîò òîâàðà è äåíåã. Âèäû ðûíêîâ
55
Òåìà 7. Îñíîâû òåîðèè ïîòðåáèòåëüñêîãî ïîâåäåíèÿ 59
7.1. Ïîëåçíîñòü: îáùàÿ è ïðåäåëüíàÿ 60
7.2. Êîëè÷åñòâåííàÿ (êàðäèíàëèñòè÷åñêàÿ) òåîðèÿ
ïîòðåáèòåëüñêîãî ïîâåäåíèÿ 62
7.3. Ïîðÿäêîâàÿ (îðäèíàëèñòè÷åñêàÿ) òåîðèÿ ïîòðåáèòåëüñêîãî ïîâåäåíèÿ
65
Òåìà 8. Ñïðîñ è ïðåäëîæåíèå 70
8.1. Çàêîí ñïðîñà 70
8.2. Íåöåíîâûå ôàêòîðû ñïðîñà 72
8.3. Ýëàñòè÷íîñòü ñïðîñà 74
8.4. Ïðåäëîæåíèå: ïîíÿòèå, ôàêòîðû, ýëàñòè÷íîñòü
77
Òåìà 9. Ðûíî÷íîå ðàâíîâåñèå 82
9.1. Ôîðìèðîâàíèå ðûíî÷íîé öåíû 82
9.2. Íàðóøåíèÿ ðûíî÷íîãî ðàâíîâåñèÿ 85
9.3. Ðûíî÷íîå ðàâíîâåñèå è ýôôåêòèâíîñòü
88
Òåìà 10. Êîíêóðåíöèÿ è ìîíîïîëèÿ 91
10.1. Êîíêóðåíöèÿ: ñóùíîñòü è ìåòîäû 91
10.2. Ìîíîïîëèÿ: ñóùíîñòü, ïðîèñõîæäåíèå, òèïû 95
10.3. Ðûíîê íåñîâåðøåííîé êîíêóðåíöèè
97
Òåìà 11. Ýêîíîìè÷åñêèé âðåä ìîíîïîëèé è àíòèìîíîïîëüíàÿ äåÿòåëüíîñòü ãîñóäàðñòâà 101
11.1. Ýêîíîìè÷åñêèå ïîñëåäñòâèÿ ìîíîïîëèçàöèè ðûíêà 101
11.2. Ãîñóäàðñòâî ïðîòèâ ìîíîïîëèé
104
Ðàçäåë 2. ÌÈÊÐÎÝÊÎÍÎÌÈÊÀ 109
Òåìà 12. Ôèðìà â ñèñòåìå ðûíî÷íûõ îòíîøåíèé 109
12.1. Ôèðìà: ñóùíîñòü è îñíîâíûå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè 109
12.2. Îðãàíèçàöèîííî-ïðàâîâûå ôîðìû Ôèðìû 114
12.3. Îáúåäèíåíèÿ ôèðì
118
Òåìà 13. Îñíîâû òåîðèè ïðîèçâîäñòâà 121
13.1. Ïðîèçâîäñòâåííàÿ ôóíêöèÿ 122
13.2. Ïîêàçàòåëè îáúåìà ïðîèçâîäñòâà
125
Òåìà 14. Èçäåðæêè ïðîèçâîäñòâà 128
14.1. Èçäåðæêè ïðîèçâîäñòâà: ýêîíîìè÷åñêèå è áóõãàëòåðñêèå 129
14.2. Èçäåðæêè ïðîèçâîäñòâà â êðàòêîñðî÷íîì ïåðèîäå 131
14.3. Èçäåðæêè ïðîèçâîäñòâà â äîëãîñðî÷íîì ïåðèîäå
134
Òåìà 15. Óñëîâèÿ ìàêñèìèçàöèè ïðèáûëè 138
15.1. Äîõîäû ôèðìû 139
15.2. Îáúåì ïðîèçâîäñòâà, ìàêñèìèçèðóþùèé ïðèáûëü 142
15.3. Îáúåì ïðåäëîæåíèÿ îòäåëüíîé ôèðìû è ðûíî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå
146
Òåìà 16. Ïîôàêòîðíûå äîõîäû: çàðàáîòíàÿ ïëàòà 149
16.1. Ðûíîê òðóäà. Ïðåäëîæåíèå òðóäà 150
16.2. Ñïðîñ íà òðóä 153
16.3. Çàðàáîòíàÿ ïëàòà â óñëîâèÿõ ñîâåðøåííîé è íåñîâåðøåííîé êîíêóðåíöèè
155
Òåìà 17. Ïîôàêòîðíûå äîõîäû: ðåíòà, ïðîöåíò, ïðèáûëü 160
17.1. Çåìåëüíàÿ ðåíòà 160
17.2. Ïðîöåíò íà êàïèòàë 162
17.3. Ïðèáûëü
166
Òåìà 18. Îãðàíè÷åííîñòü è "ïðîâàëû" ðûíêà 169
18.1. Îáìåí, ïåðåäà÷à ïðàâ ñîáñòâåííîñòè è òðàíñàêöèîííûå èçäåðæêè 169
18.2. Ðûíîê è íåîïðåäåëåííîñòü 171
18.3. Âíåøíèå ýôôåêòû è îáùåñòâåííûå áëàãà 175
18.4. Ðûíî÷íîå ðàñïðåäåëåíèå è ñîöèàëüíàÿ ñïðàâåäëèâîñòü
177
Ðàçäåë 3. ÌÀÊÐÎÝÊÎÍÎÌÈÊÀ 181
Òåìà 19. Íàöèîíàëüíàÿ ýêîíîìèêà 182
19.1. Íàöèîíàëüíàÿ ýêîíîìèêà êàê îáúåêò ìàêðîýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî àíàëèçà 182
19.2. Íàöèîíàëüíûé îáúåì ïðîèçâîäñòâà
184
Òåìà 20. Ñîâîêóïíûé ñïðîñ è ñîâîêóïíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå 194
20.1. Ñîâîêóïíûé ñïðîñ 194
20.2. Ñîâîêóïíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå
198
Òåìà 21. Ïîòðåáëåíèå, ñáåðåæåíèÿ è èíâåñòèöèè 202
21.1. Ïîòðåáëåíèå è ñáåðåæåíèÿ 202
21.2. Èíâåñòèöèîííûé ñïðîñ
206
Òåìà 22. Ìàêðîýêîíîìè÷åñêîå ðàâíîâåñèå 210
22.1. Óñëîâèÿ ìàêðîýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî ðàâíîâåñèÿ 211
22.2. Èçìåíåíèÿ â ìàêðîýêîíîìè÷åñêîì ðàâíîâåñèè
219
Òåìà 23. Äåíåæíûé ðûíîê 225
23.1. Ìàññà äåíåã â îáðàùåíèè 225
23.2. Ñïðîñ íà äåíüãè 228
23.3. Ïðåäëîæåíèå äåíåã 231
23.4. Äåíåæíûé ðûíîê
234
Òåìà 24. Ìàêðîýêîíîìè÷åñêàÿ íåñòàáèëüíîñòü 238
24.1. Áåçðàáîòèöà: ïîíÿòèå, òèïû, ïîñëåäñòâèÿ 239
24.2. Èíôëÿöèÿ: ïîíÿòèå, âèäû è ìåòîäû èñ÷èñëåíèÿ 245
24.3. Ïðè÷èíû è ïîñëåäñòâèÿ èíôëÿöèè
249
Òåìà 25. Ãîñóäàðñòâî â ðûíî÷íîé ýêîíîìèêå 253
25.1. Ýêîíîìè÷åñêèå ôóíêöèè ñîâðåìåííîãî ãîñóäàðñòâà 254
25.2. Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîå ðåãóëèðîâàíèå ýêîíîìèêè: öåëè è ìåòîäû
258
Òåìà 26. Ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé áþäæåò 265
26.1. Áþäæåòíàÿ ñèñòåìà ñòðàíû. äîõîäû è ðàñõîäû áþäæåòà 265
26.2. Òåîðèÿ íàëîãîîáëîæåíèÿ. Íàëîãîâàÿ ñèñòåìà 269
26.3. Áþäæåòíûé äåôèöèò è ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé äîëã
276
Òåìà 27. Ôèñêàëüíàÿ ïîëèòèêà ãîñóäàðñòâà 284
27.1. Ìåõàíèçì ôèñêàëüíîé ïîëèòèêè 284
27.2. Âèäû è ýôôåêòèâíîñòü ôèñêàëüíîé ïîëèòèêè
288
Òåìà 28. Ñîâðåìåííàÿ áàíêîâñêî-êðåäèòíàÿ ñèñòåìà 292
28.1. Êðåäèò: ñóùíîñòü, ôóíêöèè è âèäû 292
28.2. Êîììåð÷åñêèå áàíêè è öåíòðàëüíûé áàíê ñòðàíû
297
Òåìà 29. Äåíåæíî-êðåäèòíàÿ (ìîíåòàðíàÿ) ïîëèòèêà ãîñóäàðñòâà 303
29.1. Ìåõàíèçì ìîíåòàðíîé ïîëèòèêè 304
29.2. Âèäû è ýôôåêòèâíîñòü ìîíåòàðíîé ïîëèòèêè
308
Òåìà 30. Ìàêðîýêîíîìè÷åñêàÿ äèíàìèêà 313
30.1. Ýêîíîìè÷åñêèé ðîñò, ñóùíîñòü, òèïû 314
30.2. Ñîäåðæàíèå è îáùèå ÷åðòû ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî öèêë
à 321
Òåìà 31. Ïåðåõîäíàÿ ýêîíîìèêà 329
31.1. Íåîáõîäèìîñòü è îñíîâíûå íàïðàâëåíèÿ ïåðåõîäà îò ïëàíîâîé ýêîíîìèêå ê ðûíî÷íîé 330
31.2. Ïðèâàòèçàöèÿ - íåîáõîäèìîå óñëîâèå ïåðåõîäà ê ðûíêó 335
31.3. Ðîëü è ôóíêöèè ãîñóäàðñòâà â ïåðåõîäíîé ýêîíîìèêå
338
Ãëîññàðèé

ÔÅÄÅÐÀËÜÍÎÅ ÀÃÅÍÒÑÒÂÎ ÏÎ ÎÁÐÀÇÎÂÀÍÈÞ
ÌÎÑÊÎÂÑÊÈÉ ÃÎÑÓÄÀÐÑÒÂÅÍÍÛÉ ÈÍÄÓÑÒÐÈÀËÜÍÛÉ ÓÍÈÂÅÐÑÈÒÅÒ
ÈÍÑÒÈÒÓÒ ÄÈÑÒÀÍÖÈÎÍÍÎÃÎ ÎÁÐÀÇÎÂÀÍÈß
Å.Ã. Åôèìîâà
ÝÊÎÍÎÌÈÊÀ
Ó÷åáíîå ïîñîáèå
Ðåêîìåíäîâàíî Ìåæâóçîâñêèì öåíòðîì ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî îáðàçîâàíèÿ
Ìèíèñòåðñòâà îáðàçîâàíèÿ è íàóêè ÐÔ â êà÷åñòâå ó÷åáíîãî ïîñîáèÿ
äëÿ ñòóäåíòîâ âûñøèõ ó÷åáíûõ çàâåäåíèé, îáó÷àþùèõñÿ
ïî íåýêîíîìè÷åñêèì ñïåöèàëüíîñòÿì è íàïðàâëåíèÿì
Ìîñêâà 2005

Ðåöåíçåíòû: Â.È. Ìàçóðêåâè÷, çàâ. êàôåäðîé ýêîíîìèêè è óïðàâëåíèÿ ïðåäïðèÿòèåì Ìîñêîâñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà èíæåíåðíîé ýêîëîãèè, ê.ý.í., ïðîôåññîð
Ä.Å. Ñîðèí, ðóêîâîäèòåëü Öåíòðà ïîëèòýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé ÈÝ ÐÀÍ, ä.ý.í., ïðîôåññîð
Åôèìîâà Å.Ã.
Å 91 Ýêîíîìèêà: Ó÷åáíîå ïîñîáèå. - Ì.: ÌÃÈÓ, 2005. - 368 ñ.
ISBN 5-276-00580-Õ

Ó÷åáíîå ïîñîáèå ñîäåðæèò ñèñòåìàòèçèðîâàííîå èçëîæåíèå êóðñà ýêîíîìèêè, èçó÷àåìîãî ñòóäåíòàìè íåýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ ñïåöèàëüíîñòåé. Íà îñíîâå äîñòèæåíèé ñîâðåìåííîé ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé ìûñëè ðàññìàòðèâàþòñÿ ãëàâíûå âîïðîñû ìèêðî- è ìàêðîýêîíîìèêè. Èçëîæåíèå òåîðåòè÷åñêèõ ïðîáëåì ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ àíàëèçîì èõ ñîñòîÿíèÿ â ñîâðåìåííîé Ðîññèè.  ó÷åáíîì ïîñîáèè ñîäåðæèòñÿ îáøèðíûé ôàêòè÷åñêèé è ñòàòèñòè÷åñêèé ìàòåðèàë.
Èçäàíèå ïðåäíàçíà÷åíî äëÿ ñòóäåíòîâ äèñòàíöèîííîé ôîðìû îáó÷åíèÿ è ìîæåò áûòü èñïîëüçîâàíî êàê ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîå ó÷åáíîå ïîñîáèå èëè â êîìïëåêòå ñ ýëåêòðîííîé èíôîðìàöèîííî-îáó÷àþùåé ñèñòåìîé.

ÁÁÊ 65.01
© Å.Ã. Åôèìîâà, 2005 © ÌÃÈÓ, 2005 © ÈÄÎ, 2005
FEDERAL AGENCY OF EDUCATION
THE MOSCOW STATE INDUSTRIAL UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF DISTANT EDUCATION
Elena G. Efimova
ECONOMICS
Manual
Recommended by the Inter-University Center of Economic Education
of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation
as the manual for non-economist students
Moscow 2005

Reviewers: V.I.Mazurkevich, Head of Department "Economics and Management of
Enterprise" of the Moscow State University of Engineering Ecology, Cand.of Econ. sci., Professor
D.E.Sorin, Head of the Center of Politico-Economical Researches of the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doct. of Econ. sci., Professor
Efimova E.G.
Å 91 Economics: Manual. - Moscow: MSIU, 2005. - 368 pp.
ISBN 5-276-00580-X
The manual contains a systematic course of economics studied by students of non economic specialties. Main items of micro- and macroeconomics are considered basing on the modern achievements of economic ideas. Consideration of theoretical problems is accompanied by the analysis of their state in modern Russia. The manual compiles extensive actual and statistical material.
The edition is intended for the distant-learning students and can be used both as an independent manual or together with an electronic informational-training system.
ÁÁÊ 65.01
© E.G.Efimova, 2005 © MSIU, 2005 © IDE, 2005

Ïðåäèñëîâèå

Îñíîâíûì äîâîäîì â ïîëüçó èçó÷åíèÿ ýêîíîìèêè ñòóäåíòàìè-íåýêîíîìèñòàìè ÿâëÿåòñÿ òî, ÷òî ýêîíîìèêà èññëåäóåò ïðîáëåìû, êîòîðûå êàñàþòñÿ âñåõ ëþäåé áåç èñêëþ÷åíèÿ. Âñå ëþäè âîâëå÷åíû â ñôåðó ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé æèçíè (îíè ñîâåðøàþò ïîêóïêè, ïîëó÷àþò äîõîäû, ïëàòÿò íàëîãè è ò.ï.). Âñÿêèé ÷åëîâåê ðàíî èëè ïîçäíî çàäàåòñÿ âîïðîñàìè: îò ÷åãî çàâèñèò çàðàáîòíàÿ ïëàòà, ïî÷åìó ðàñòóò öåíû, ïî÷åìó â îäíîé ñòðàíå óðîâåíü æèçíè âûøå, ÷åì â äðóãîé, ÷òî âûãîäíåå - ðàáîòàòü ïî íàéìó èëè îðãàíèçîâàòü ñîáñòâåííîå äåëî.
Êàê ïèñàë àâòîð âñåìèðíî èçâåñòíîãî ó÷åáíèêà "Ýêîíîìèêñ", ëàóðåàò Íîáåëåâñêîé ïðåìèè Ï. Ñàìóýëüñîí, "äëÿ ÷åëîâåêà, êîòîðûé ñèñòåìàòè÷åñêè íå èçó÷àë ýêîíîìè÷åñêóþ òåîðèþ, ïðåäñòàâëÿåò îãðîìíóþ òðóäíîñòü íå òîëüêî äàòü îòâåò íà ýòè âîïðîñû, íî äàæå ñàìà ïîïûòêà îáäóìàòü èõ êàê ñëåäóåò. Îí ïîäîáåí ãëóõîìó, ïûòàþùåìóñÿ äàòü ñâîþ îöåíêó ìóçûêàëüíîìó ïðîèçâåäåíèþ".
Èçó÷åíèå ýêîíîìèêè äàåò ñòóäåíòàì íå ïðîñòî ãîòîâûå çíàíèÿ â îáëàñòè ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé òåîðèè, íî ôîðìèðóåò ýêîíîìè÷åñêèé îáðàç ìûøëåíèÿ, çíàêîìèò èõ ñ ìåòîäàìè ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî àíàëèçà, íåîáõîäèìûìè äëÿ ïîíèìàíèÿ ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ ïðîöåññîâ è ÿâëåíèé, ïðîèñõîäÿùèõ â æèçíè îáùåñòâà. Ïî ñëîâàì êðóïíåéøåãî ýêîíîìèñòà XX â. Äæ. Ì. Êåéíñà: "Ýêîíîìè÷åñêàÿ òåîðèÿ... ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñêîðåå ìåòîäîì, ÷åì ó÷åíèåì, èíòåëëåêòóàëüíûì èíñòðóìåíòîì, òåõíèêîé ìûøëåíèÿ, ïîìîãàÿ òîìó, êòî âëàäååò åþ, ïðèõîäèòü ê ïðàâèëüíûì çàêëþ÷åíèÿì".
Ó÷åáíîå ïîñîáèå äîëæíî ïîìî÷ü ñòóäåíòàì â ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîé ðàáîòå íàä êóðñîì ýêîíîìèêè. Èçëîæåíèå òåîðåòè÷åñêîãî ìàòåðèàëà â íåì ñî÷åòàåòñÿ ñ àíàëèçîì ñîñòîÿíèÿ òîé èëè èíîé ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé ïðîáëåìû â Ðîññèè. Ýòî ïîçâîëèò ñòóäåíòàì ëó÷øå ðàçîáðàòüñÿ â ïðîøëîì è íàñòîÿùåì Ðîññèè, ïîíÿòü ñóòü ïðîâîäèìûõ ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ ðåôîðì, ïåðñïåêòèâû ðàçâèòèÿ ýêîíîìèêè Ðîññèè.
Íàðÿäó ñ òåîðåòè÷åñêèì ìàòåðèàëîì ó÷åáíèê ñîäåðæèò âîïðîñû äëÿ ñàìîêîíòðîëÿ, îòâåòû íà êîòîðûå ñïîñîáñòâóþò ïîíèìàíèþ èçó÷àåìîãî ìàòåðèàëà. Âûâîäû â êîíöå ãëàâû ïîçâîëÿþò îáîáùèòü èçó÷åííûé ìàòåðèàë.
Êíèãà ìîæåò èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ êàê ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîå ó÷åáíîå ïîñîáèå èëè â êîìïëåêòå ñ ýëåêòðîííîé èíôîðìàöèîííî-îáó÷àþùåé ñèñòåìîé.

Foreword

Economics investigates problems which concern all people with no exception and this is the major argument for the benefit of studying economics by non-economist students. All people are involved in the sphere of economics (shopping, receiving incomes, paying taxes, etc). Everyone sooner or later is to answer the questions: what does the salary depend on, what is the reason of price growth, why living standarts differ in different countries, what is more preferable - to be hired or organize own business?
According to the author of the world famous textbook "Economics", Nobel prize winner P. Samuelson, the person who did not regularly study the economic theory should suffer difficulties not only in answering these questions, but even attempting to consider them in the proper way, and this person resembles a deaf person, trying to estimate a piece of music.
Studying economics gives students not only ready knowledge in the field of economic theory, but provides them with economic mentality, acquaints them with methods of economic analysis necessary for understanding the economic processes and phenomena of social life. According to the greatest economist of the XX century. J.M. Keynes the economic theory is more likely a method, rather than a doctrine, intellectual tool, method of thinking, helping those who possess it to come to correct conclusions.
The manual should help students in self-sufficient study of economics. The theoretical material in this manual is combined with the analysis of economic problems in Russia. It will allow students to better understand the past and the present of Russia, essence of economic reforms, as well as the prospects of development of Russian economy.
Alongside with theoretical material, the textbook contains questions for self-testing, answers to which promote understanding of material studied. Conclusions at the end of the chapter allow to generalize the material.
The book can be used as an independent manual or together with electronic informational-training system.

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